Map  Lib. 
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ATLAS 


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of:    the 


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UCLA  AWP  LIBRARY 

REFERENCE 
ONLY 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


•    i 

* 


RAND,  McNALLY  4  CO.'S 


NldiyV 


DOLLAR  ATLAS 


United  States  and  Dominion  of  Canada, 

Containing  New  Colored  Maps  of  each  State  and  Territory  in  the  United 
States,  with  Special  Maps  of  Provinces  in  the  Dominion, 


TOOBTHER    WITH 


IWZZ   BESCFdPTIVE  MATTER, 

Relative  to  the  Topography,  Climate,  History,  Population  by  Sex,  Race  and 

Color,  Etc.,  Etc. 

OBAPHICAXXT    ILLUBTRATED    BY 

COLOKED  DIAGEAMS, 


BEPBESENTINO 


The  Area  en  Square  Miles  and  Acres  of  States  and  Territories  ;  Assessed  Value  of 

Property  ;  Railroad  Mileage  ;   Cereal  I*roduct8  ;  Gold,  Silver  and  Currency 

m  the  hands  of  the  People  ;   Classes  of  U.  8.  Bonds  held  by  Banks  ; 

Registered   U.    S.    Bonds   held  by   the   People,    Etc.,    Etc. 

UCLA  MAP  LIBRARY 

CHICAGO:  '  j  RfCEIVEQ       ^   /^,jr:j 

RAND,     McNALLY    &    COMPANY.  "^    '^^ ' 

18  8  4.  I       ni  F  I  c-r  rirV       ^ 

CONTINENTAL   PUBLISHING   CO.,  CHICAGO, 

SOLE  SUBSCRIPTION  AGENTS. 


Entered  According  to  Act  op  Congress,  in  the  Year  1884,  by 

RAND,  McNALLY  &  CO.,  CHICAGO, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


O  O  ]Sr  T  E  IS?"  T  s . 


Library 


Colored  Diagrams. 


Area  of  States  and  Territories  in  Square  Miles  and  Acres 4 

Assessed  Value  of  Property 5 

Railroad  Mileage  in  Five  Divisions 5 

Cereal  Products  in  Five  Divisions 6 

Corn — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 7 

Wheat — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 8 

Cotton — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 9 

Hay — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 10 

Oats — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 11 

Potatoes — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 12 

Tobacco — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 13 

Buckwheat — Rank  and  Yield,  showing  Average  Annual  Product 14 

Gold,  Silver  and  Currency  in  the  Hands  of  the  People 15 

United  States  Bonds  owned  by  Banks 16 

Registered  United  States  Bonds  held  by  the  People 17 


States,  Territories   and   Provinces. 


Alabama 78-  79 

Arizona 111-112 

Arkansas.   85-  86 

British  America 123 

California 113-115 

Colorado 106-108 

Connecticut 28-  29 

Dakota 68-69 

Delaware 37-  38 

Florida 51-52 

Georgia 49-  50 

Idaho 104-105 

Illinois 58-60 

Indiana 56-  57 

Indian  Territory 92-  93 

Iowa "iO-  72 

Kansas 94-  96 

Kentucky 82-  84 

Louisiana 87-  88 

Maine '^0-  21 

Manitoba 1 27 

Maryland 39-  40 

Massachusetts 25-  26 

Michigan 61-  63 

Minnesota (J6-  67 

Mississippi 76-  77 

Missouri "^3-  75 

Capitals  of  States,  Territories  and 


Montana 100-101 

Nebraska 97-99 

Nevada  114-116 

New  Brunswick 126 

New  Hampshire 22-23 

New  Jersey 33-  34 

New  Mexico 109-110 

New  York 30-32 

North  Carolina 45-  46 

Nova  Scotia 126 

Ohio 53-55 

Ontario 125 

Oregon 119-120 

Pennsylvania 35-  36 

Quebec 124 

Rhode  Island 27-28 

South  Carolina 47-  48 

Tennessee 80-  81 

Texas 89-91 

United  States 18-19 

Utah 117-118 

Vermont 23-  24 

Virginia 41-  42 

Washington 121-122 

West  Virginia 43-  44 

Wisconsin 64—  65 

Wyoming 102-103 

Provinces,  with  Population ....  128 


Area  of  States  and  Territories  in 

square  miles  and  acres. 

Rank. 

States. 

Square  Miles. 

Acies. 

47 

District  of  Columbia 

GO 

38,400 

46 

Rhode  Island 

i,|oo 

835,840 

l"45" 

Delaware 

2,120 

1,356,800 

44 

Connecticut 

4,7o0 

3,040,000 

43 

Massachusetts 

7ji:)o 

4,992,000 

42 

New  Jersey 

8,320 

5,324,800 

41 

New  Hampshire 

9,280 

5,939,200 

40 

ia,ai2 

6,535,680 

39 

Maryland 

11,12  f 

7,119,360 

38 

23,000 

14,720,000 

37 

Indiana 

33,80!> 

21.637,760 

3*3 

South  Carolina 

34,0()O 

21,760,000 

35 

Maine 

35,00w 

22,400,000 

34 

Kentucky 

37,680 

24,115,200 

33 

Virg'inia 

38,34S 

24,542,720 

32 

Ohio 

39,964 

25,576.960 

31 

Louisiana 

41,346 

26,461,440 

30 

Tennessee 

45,600 

29.184.000 

29 

Pennsylvania 

46,000 

29,440.000 

)iS 

47,000 

30,080,000 

27 

Mississippi 

47,15(3 

30,179,840 

26 

North  Carolina 

50,704 

32,450,560 

25 

xA^labama 

t..   50,722 

32,462,080 

24 

Arkansas 

52,198 

33,406.720 

23 

Wisconsin 

53,924 

34,511,360 

22 

Iowa 

55,045 

35,228,800 

21 

Illinois 

55,410 

35,462,400 

20 

Michigan 

56,451 

36,128,640 

19 

Georgia 

58,000 

37.120,000 

18 

Florida 

59,268 

37,931,520 

17 

Missouri 

65,350 

41,824,000 

16 

Washington 

69,994 

44,796.160 

15 

]Viebraska 

75,995 

48,636,800 

14 

Kansas 

81,318 

52,043  520 

13 

Minnesota 

^ 

83,531 

53,459.840 

IS 

Utah 

84,4:6 

54,064,640 

'    11 

Idaho 

86,:J!)4 

55,228,160 

10 

Oregon 

95,274 

60,975,360 

9 

Wyoming 

97,883 

62,645,120 

8 

Nevada 

104,1 -^o 

66,640.000     1 

7 

Colorado 

104,500 

66,880,000     j 

6 

Arizona 

113,916 

72,906,240 

5 

New  Mexico 

121.201 

77.568,640 

4 

143,776 

92,016,640 

3 

Dakota 

150,9;)--' 

96.596,488 

2 

California 

188,981 

l^M),l)4r,840 

1 

Texas 

274,356 

175.587,840 

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14 


Diagram    showing    the 
APPROXIIVIATE    AMOUNTS    OF    GOLD,    SILVER    AND    CURRENCY 
in    the    hands    of   THE    PEOPLE    at    Five    Periods. 


1879 


A     1879  & ^ 


^^1     1880       ^ 
,y^ ^% 

/               %  253,632,511 
/                          Gold 

I       $  84,472,626 
\          Silver      / 

/ 

$147,563,225 
Currency 

J 

% 


,  X     1882      <5^ 
c^^^ --i^^^ 


$  260,455,297 
Gold 


$160,580,475 
Currency 


16 


Diagraui   showing  Amount    and     Classes    of    Uxited    States 
Bo'us    owneH  Idj    Banks,  indiiding    those  pledged    as     security 
for    circulation,     eacli.  year    since    1865. 


*■%,  953,600 


United  States  Bonds  held  for 
other  purposes  at  nearest  date. 


^     ".,j  fS''i%    S  2,1(11,200 
Cont'd  |_3%        S7,7f^,lOO 


lb 


Dia^iaiiL  sliowing  .Amounts  of 

Hegisteued   UxiTED  Stat?:f^  IBo:nt)s 

Tieia  T^yHesiclents  of  tlie  States  and  Territories, as  ret'dl^v  tlie  1880  Cen. 

STATES 

A3IOIINTS                                                    PerCent.ofPerCent.of 

Am'tsheldjPopuIation 

New  York 

Massachusetts 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

Dist. of  Columbia 

California 

Illinois 

Connecticut 

New  Jersey 

Maryland 

Rhode  Island 

New  Hampshire 

Indiana 

Maine 

Missouri 

Vermont 

Louisiana 

Tennessee 

Michigan 

Colorado 

Kentucky 

Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Mississippi 

Delaware 

The  Territories 

South  Carolina 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

Texas 

Alabama 

Minnesota 

Arkansas 

Florida 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

Georgia 

Oregon                 T 

$  210,264,250 

32.60 
0.99 

10.14 

3..56 

8.54  1 

0.37 

0.36 

1.72 

6.14 

1.24 

2.25 

1.86 

0.55 

0.69 

3.96 

1,29 

4,32 

0.67 

1.87 

3.07 

3.26 

0.39 

3.29 

3.02 

2.62 

3.23 

1.99 

2.25 

0.29 

1.27 

1.95 

1.24 

2.79 
3.17 

2.52 
1.55 
1.60 
0.53 
0.90 

$45,138,750 

40,223,050 

6.23 

16.445.050 

2.55 
1.93 
1.80 
1.41 
1.38 
i.26 

1                        12,419.050 

1                   ii,60i.ioo 

9,119.950 

J                                 8,894,400 

1                                  8,104,150 

6,989,600 

1.08 

_j                                         4.717,100 

0.73 
0.72 
0.62 
0.61 
0.58^ 
0.56 
0.38 
0.37 
0.30 
0.29 
0.28 
0.27 
0.21 
0.20 

L                                        4,658,150 

;                                           3,980,800 

1                                            3,968,500 

3,783,600 

1 3,595,150 

1 2,458,000 

f                                        '      2.341.200' 

~|                                               1,911.200 

J 1.897,550 

J 1,770450 

1,749,750 

^1^331.400 

1,285,450 

0J8 

1.014.800 

0.16 

0.15 

0.13 

0.12 

0.10 

0.09 

0.08 

0.07 

0.06  I 

0.05 

0.04 

0.04  1 

837,550 

^61,500  _   _ 

523,450 

420,250 

. _                          253,850 

^211,000 



0.03           0J4 
0.03           3.06 
0.02           0.34 

i 

i 
1 

35.30 

Banks,  Insurancei 

Companies,  Trusti                                               227,451,550 
Companies,  etc. 

Total 

644,990,400 

100.00       JOO.OO 

1 

17 


XJISriTED     ST^i-TES 


or      ^MERIC^ 


^ 


STATE  or  MAINE. 


Topogvcipliy* — Maine  has  an  extreme  length  north  and 
south  of  o>>9  miles,  an  extreme  width  of  210  miles,  and  an 
area  of  aboat  33,04:0  square  miles,  or  21,1-45,000  acres. 
The  surface  ol  the  State  is  hilly,  with  some  considerable 
elevations  in  the  centre,  the  highest  being  Katahdin,  5,385 
feet  above  the  sea.  North  and  south  of  the  highland  belt, 
which  is  an  extension  of  the  White  mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, the  country  is  more  level,  and  slopes  gradually  to  the 
valley  of  the  river  St.  John,  and  to  the  ocean.  The  sea 
.loast,  although  only  2T0  miles  in  length  in  a  straight  line,  is  so  deeply  indented 
that,  including  the  numerous  islands,  the  shore  line  is  over  2,400  miles.  Mount 
Desert  is  the  largest  of  the  islands,  and  has  an  area  of  60,000  acres.  Others  of 
importance  are  Isle  de  Haut  and  Deer,  Fox  and  Long  islands.  Maine  contains 
a  great  number  of  lakes,  mostly  of  moderate  dimensions.  The  largest  is  Moose- 
head,  thirty-five  miles  long  and  about  seven  miles  wide  ;  next  to  this  are  Umbagog, 
Portage,  Eagle,  Long,  Madawaska,  Schoodic,  Sebec  and  Millinoket.  The  inland 
waters — rivers  and  lakes — cover  a  total  area  of  3,200  square  miles,  and  the  lakes 
alone  of  2,300  square  miles,  or  about  one-fifteenth  part  of  the  State. 

Clittlllte, —  The  winter  is  long  and  cold,  and  snow  lies  on  the  ground  from 
three  to  five  months.  Frosts  occur  as  early  as  the  middle  of  September,  and 
occasionally  as  late  as  June.  The  summers  are  pleasant  but  very  short,  and  the 
temperature  varies  greatly  during  the  year,  the  thermometer  sinking  sometimes 
as  low  as  25°  below  zero,  and  on  a  few  days  in  July  or  August  reaching  90" 
Fahrenheit.  The  mean  temperature  for  the  year  at  Portland  is  about  45",  and  in 
the  extreme  north  at  least  5°  lower.  At  Belfast  the  mean  for  the  year  is  43"; 
highest  recorded,  85°  ;  lowest,  32°.  In  the  spring  and  early  summer  the  sea 
breezes  from  the  Atlantic  are  laden  with  cold  fogs,  and  the  inhabitants  are  subject 
to  pulmonary  complaints.  With  this  exception  the  general  health  of  the  State 
is  good,  and  the  death-rate  is  low. 

SistOV}/. — The  territory  now  composing  the  State  of  Maine  was  first  visited 
by  white  men  during  the  early  years  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  English 
made  a  settlement  in  1607,  but  abandoned  it  the  next  year,  and  a  BVench  Catholic 
colony,  which  landed  at  Mount  Desert  in  1613,  was  dispersed  by  the  authorities 
of  Virginia.  Capt.  John  Smith  explored  the  coasts  and  traded  with  the  Indian;, 
of  the  Kennebec  in  the  following  year,  and  in  1620  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
obtained  from  King  James  I.  a  patent  granting  to  the  Plymouth  Company  all  the 
country  between  latitude  40®  and  48°  north,  or  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.  The  country  east  of  the  St.  Croix  river  was  transferred  by  the 
company  to  William  Alexander,  afterwards  Earl  of  Stirling,  and  the  towns  of 
Monhegan  and  Saco  were  founded  between  1622  and  1625.  New  Hampshire  was 
granted  to  John  Mason  in  1629,  it  then  being  a  part  of  Maine,  and  in  1635  the 
Plymouth  Company  surrendered  its  charter  to  the  crown.  In  the  division  of  the 
territory  among  the  members,  Gorges  acquired  the  whole  region  from  the  Piscataqua 
to  the  Kennebec,  and  obtained  from  Charles  I.  a  charter,  constituting  him  lord 
proprietary  of  the  province  of  Maine,  with  power  to  transmit  his  authority  to  his 
heirs  and  assigns.  The  French  claimed,  and  long  controlled,  all  the  region  from 
the  Penobscot  to  the  St.  Croix,  and  the  remaining  territory  was  divided  up  among 
different  jurisdictions.  But  in  1651,  after  the  death  of  Gorges,  Massachusetts, 
partly  in  order  to  protect  the  weak  outlying  settlements,  claimed  the  whole  province 
of  Maine  under  her  charter,  and  the  Puritans  being  then  in  the  ascendant  in 
England,  the  home  government  decided  in  her  favor.  On  the  restoration  of  the 
monarchy,  Gorges'  heirs  made  claims  which  were  allowed,  but  were  disposed  of  in 
1677,  by  the  purchase,  by  Masf^achusetts,  for  86,250,  of  all  their  title,  and  although 
there  were  many  disputes  with  :;ne  French,  she  retained  control  of  the  province.  The 
Indian  wars,  in  1675,  extended  to  Maine  and  were  marked  by  great  cruelties.  In 
1812  the  British  invaded  Maine  and  held  part  of  the  country  until  the  conclusion  of 

20 


peace.  Maine  was  separated  from  Massachusetts  and  admitted  as  an  independent 
State,  by  act  of  March  3,  1820,  and  under  the  treaty  of  Washington,  signed  in  184'^, 
a  long-pending  dispute,  as  to  the  boundaries,  was  settled  by  the  cession  to  Great 
Britain  of  a  large  tract  of  land  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  in  return  for 
which  slight  additions  were  made  to  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  and  the  free  navi- 

STATE  OF  MAINE. 


gation  of  the  St.  John  river  was  conceded.  During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  Maine 
contributed  to  the  Federal  armies  70,107  men,  or  thirty-one  regiments  of  infantry, 
three  of  cavalry,  and  a  number  of  companies  of  artillery  and  sharpshooters. 

Population,— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  324,058  ;  Females,  324,878  ;  Native, 
590,053_;  Foreign,  58,883  ;  White,  646,852  ;  Colored,  2,936,  including  8  Chinese, 
and  625  Indians   and   Half-breeds.. 

ai 


STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


TopOffrdphy. — The  length  of  New  Hampshire  from  north 
to  south  is  ]80  miles;  greatest  breadth,  ninety-three  miles  in 
the  south;  average  breadth,  about  forty-five  miles;  area,  9.305 
square  miles,  or  5,955,200  acres.  Portsmouth  is  the  only  har- 
bor for  large  vessels.  The  White  mountains,  vphich  cover  an 
^1  area  of  1,270  square  miles,  run  througli  the  northern  division  of 
the  State,  in  a  direction  a  little  east  of  north,  the  height  of  the 
peaks  ranging  from  2,000  to  6,000  feet.  They  are  broken  by  a 
number  of  gaps  or  "  notches  "  at  an  average  height  of  1,200  feet, 
and  the  scenery  of  these  beautiful  mountains  is  considered  the  finest  in  America.  The 
general  elevation  of  the  State  is  about  1,200  feet  above  sea  level,  sloping  from 
north  to  south.  The  largest  river  is  the  Connecticut,  which  forms  the  greater  part  of 
the  western  boundary.  Next  come  the  Merrimac,  the  Androscoggin  and  the  Piscat- 
aqua,  with  their  numerous  tributaries.  The  harbor  of  Portsmouth  is  formed  by  an 
estuary  known  as  Great  Bay,  and  is  never  frozen,  even  in  the  severest  winters.  The 
principal  lakes  are  Winnipiseogee,  which  has  an  area  of  seventy-two  square  miles; 
Lake  Umbagog,  the  source  of  the  Androscoggin  river;  and  the  four  Connecticut  lakes 
in  the  north,  which  form  the  source  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  The  Isles  of 
Shoals  lie  ten  miles  southeast  of  Portsmouth,  and   form  a  part  of  New  Hampshire. 

Clinidte. — Owing  to  the  difference  in  elevation  the  temperature  varies  consider- 
ably. In  the  Merrimac  valley  and  generally  in  the  southern  division  the  extremes  are 
not  so  great,  but  the  winters  in  the  White  mountains  are  excessively  cold,  and  charac- 
terized by  violent  winds  and  snow  storms.  The  summers  are  short  and  hot,  the  ther- 
mometer sometimes  rising  to  98°;  cold  weather  begins  with  November  and  lasts  to  the 
end  of  April,  and  snow  lies  on  the  ground  the  winter  through,  and  on  the  toj)s  of  the 
White  mountains  for  eight  months  of  the  year.  The  precipitation  of  rain  and  snow 
ranges  from  forty-six  inches  in  the  lowlands  to  fifty-five  inches  on  the  mountains.  The 
climate  is  healthy. 

Histovy, — The  first  settlements  of  white  men  within  the  limits  of  what  is  now 
New  Hampshire  were  made  in  1623  at  Dover  and  Portsmouth.  In  1622  a  grant  had 
been  made  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  and  John  Mason,  and  it  was  by  them — though 
chiefly  by  Mason — that  these  early  settlers  were  sent  out.  In  1629  the  grant  was  di- 
vided, Mason  taking  the  district  between  the  Piscataqua  and  the  Merrimac.  In  1641 
the  straggling  New  Hampshire  towns  united  with  the  Massachusetts  colony,  and  the 
union  was  not  sundered  until  1741,  when  the  latter  became  a  separate  province,  remain- 
ing so  until  it  declared  its  independence  in  1776.  During  this  latter  period  its  bound- 
aries were  believed  to  extend  as  far  west  as  the  eastern  New  York  line,  and  grants 
were  made  by  the  governor,  Benning  Wentworth,  covering  a  great  part  of  the  present 
State  of  Vermont.  New  York  claimed  that  her  territory  extended  to  the  Connecticut 
river,  and  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  the  conflicting  claims  of  New  Hampshire 
and  New  York  to  the  territory  known  as  the  "New  Hampshire  grants"  caused  a  vex- 
atious controversy  between  the  provinces,  or  as  they  afterwards  became,  the  States. 
With  a  rugged  soil  to  subdue  and  savage  Indians  to  contend  against,  the  early  settlers 
of  the  Granite  State  developed  a  sturdy  independence  and  love  of  liberty,  and  when 
the  difficulties  culminated  in  1776  New  Hampshire  was  among  the  very  first  of  the 
colonies  to  declare  its  independence.  The  first  State  constitution  was  adopted  in  1784, 
and  amended  in  1792.  In  1851  an  amendment  abolishing  the  property  qualification 
was  adopted,  and  in  1876  a  convention  held  at  Concord  revised  the  constitution  and 
submitted  amendments  to  be  voted  upon  by  the  people  in  March,  1877.  The  war 
record  of  New  Hampshire  is  a  noble  one.  The  little  province  gave  her  best  and  brav- 
est men  in  defense  of  her  liberties,  and  at  Bunker  Hill,  Bennington,  Stillwater  and 
Monmouth  her  troops  distinguished  themselves.  The  constitution  of  the  United  States 
was  ratified  June  21,  1788.  Concord  was  made  the  capital  in  1807,  and  so  remains. 
In  1860  the  population  was  a  little  over  320,000,  but  out  of  this  number  New  Hamp- 
shire contributed  33,937  men  to  the  Federal  army  during  1861-65. 

Bojnilation.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  170.526;  Females,  176,465;  Native, 
300.697;  Foreign,  46,294;  White,  346,229;  Colored,  762,  including  14  Chinese  and  63 
Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

22 


iSTE^v  h:amf»sk[ire  and  vp:;rmont. 


23 


STATE  OF  VERMONT. 


Topofjvapliy* — Vermont  has  a  length  north  and  south  of 
about  150  miles,  a  breadth  of  from  thirty-five  to  fifty  miles,  and 
an  area  of  9,565  square  miles,  or  6,121,600  acres.  The  Green 
Mountains  intersect  the  State  from  north  to  south,  and  contain 
a  number  of  peaks  from  3,000  to  4,500  feet  high.  A  second 
range,  of  inferior  height,  branches  ofi"  at  Killington  Peak  and 
trends  northeast.  There  are  also  some  detached  peaks,  of  which 
Mount  Ascutney,  3,320  feet  high,  is  the  most  conspicuous. 
Lake  Champlain  extends  for  105  miles  along  the  western  bor- 
der, and  receives  many  small  rivers  and  creeks.  The  entire  territory  east  of  the  moun- 
tains is  drained  by  the  Connecticut  river  and  its  numerous  tributaries;  the  Connecticut 
separating  Vermont  from  New  Hampshire.  The  Connecticut  is  the  only  navigable  river. 
Lake  Champlain,  126  miles  in  length,  and  from  forty  rods  to  fifteen  miles  in  width,  has 
a  depth  of  from  fifty  to  nearly  300  feet,  and  is  navigable  throughout  by  the  largest 
vessels.  It  was  the  scene,  in  August,  1814,  of  an  important  naval  engagement  between 
American  and  British  vessels.  It  contains  a  number  of  islands,  which  collectively 
form  the  county  of  Grand  Isle,  and  its  shores  are  deeply  indented.  The  chief  harbor 
is  that  of  Burlington,  the  seat  of  the  Vermont  lumber  trade.  The  outlet  of  Lake 
Champlain  is  the  Sorel  or  Richelieu  river,  which  empties  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

dhnate. — Vermont  is  subject  to  great  extremes  of  temperature,  although  not 
liable  to  sudden  changes,  and  the  winters  are  severe.  The  annual  mean  temperature 
in  the  northeast  is  about  40*^;  in  the  south,  44^  to  46°;  and  the  range  of  the  thermom- 
eter is  from  15'^  below  to  90°  Fahrenheit,  the  summers  being  short  and  hot.  The  rain- 
fall is  greatest  in  the  southern  part  and  along  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  where  it 
averages  forty-four  inches  per  annum,  and  decreases  gradually  until  in  the  northwest 
not  more  than  thirty-five  inches  per  annum  are  recorded.  Much  snow  falls,  especially 
on  the  mountains.  The  State  is  extremely  healthy;  miasmatic  diseases  are  entirely 
unknown,  pulmonary  complaints  much  less  common  than  in  the  coast  States  in  the 
same  latitude,  and  the  death  rate  is  very  low — only  1.07  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Sistovy, — The  country  was  first  visited  by  Champlain,  in  the  year  1609,  but 
the  earliest  white  settlements  within  the  present  limits  of  Vermont  were  made  about 
1724-25  near  Brattleboro,  where  a  fort  was  erected  by  some  Massachusetts  emigrants. 
The  French  built  a  fort  in  1731,  near  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Champlain,  but 
soon  abandoned  it.  About  1760  many  settlements  were  made  under  grants  from  the 
the  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  and  all  the  land  west  of  the  Connecticut  became 
known  as  the  "  New  Hampshire  grants."  Title  was,  however,  claimed  by  New  York, 
and  a  conflict  of  jurisdiction  occurring,  the  king  in  council  decided  in  favor  of  New 
York.  The  attempt  then  made  by  that  province  to  dispossess  the  settlers  holding 
under  the  New  Hampshire  grants  led  to  active  hostilities.  In  1771  the  settlers  held  a 
convention  at  Westminster  and  declared  themselves  independent  of  both  New  York 
and  New  Hampshire,  adopting  for  their  country  the  name  of  "  New  Connecticut,"  or 
Vermont.  As  early  as  1775  the  Vermonters  actively  participated  in  the  war  against 
the  British.  In  May  of  that  year  Ethan  Allen,  with  only  eighty-three  men,  captured 
Fort  Ticonderoga.  The  Vermonters  also  took  part  in  the  battles  on  Lake  Champlain, 
and  the  two  fights  at  Bennington.  In  1776  they  asked  admission  to  the  confederation 
of  the  thirteen  States,  but  were  opposed  by  New  York.  In  1777  the  State  declared 
its  independence  and  again  applied  for  admission.  After  much  opposition  from  New 
York,  on  March  4,  1791,  Vermont  w^as  admitted  into  the  Union,  being  the  first  State 
to  join  the  original  thirteen.  In  1812  Vermont  volunteers  took  an  active  part  in  the 
battle  of  Plattsburg,  the  naval  action  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  other  conflicts  with  the 
British  troops.  The  constitution  of  1777  was  amended  in  1786,  and  again  in  1793, 
and  in  1870  considerable  changes  were  eifected  in  the  organic  law.  Vermont  furnished 
33,288  men  to  the  Federal  armies  during  the  Civil  war.  The  State  voted  for  presi- 
dential electors  for  the  first  time  in  1792. 

Population.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  166,887;  Females,  165,399;  Native, 
291,327;  Foreign,  40,959;  White,  331,218;  Colored,  1,068,  including  11  Indians. 

24 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


Topoffvaph  If. — Massachusetts  has  an  extreme  length  from 
northeast  to  southwest  of  about  IGO  miles;  a  breadth  varying 
from  forty-seven  miles  in  the  western  to  about  100  miles  in 
the  eastern  part;  and  an  estimated  area  of  8,315  square  miles, 
'  or  5,3;il,G00  acres.  The  Elizabeth  Islands,  Martha's  Vineyard, 
Nantucket  and  some  smaller  islands  lying  to  the  south  belong 
to  the  State.  The  seacoastis  extremely  irregular  and  deeply  in- 
dented, and  there  are  numerous  good  harbors.  Of  the  large 
rivers  the  Merrimac  alone  falls  into  the  sea  within  the  limits  of 
the  State,  The  Connecticut  traverses  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  from  north  to 
south,  and  is  not  now  navigated  within  the  State.  The  Housatonic,  Blackstone  and 
Taunton  flow  through  Massachusetts,  and  the  Charles  and  Mystic  rivers  empty  into  Bos- 
ton Bav.  Nearly  all  the  rivers  afford  valuable  water  power,  but  none  are  navigable 
except  the  Merrimac.  Two  chains  of  the  Green  mountains  traverse  the  western  di- 
vision from  north  to  south,  and  are  known  as  the  Taconic  and  Hoosac  ridges;  Saddle 
mountain  in  the  extreme  northwest  (3,G00  feet  high)  being  the  highest  peak.  The  east 
and  northeast  divisions  are  hilly  and  broken,  and  the  southeast  is  low  and  sandy. 

(JlittlClte. — The  winters  of  Massachusetts  are  severe  and  protracted,  the  sum- 
mers short  and  warm,  and  the  range  of  the  thermometer  from  10°  below  zero  to  100*^ 
Fahrenheit.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  from  45°  to  50°;  that  of  spring,  43"; 
summer,  71°;  autumn,  51°;  winter,  21°.  Snow  falls  usually  during  seven  months, 
October  to  April,  and  the  annual  precipitation  of  rain  and  melted  snow  is  about  forty- 
five  inches.  The  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  east,  especially  in  spring,  and  heavy 
fogs  are  common  on  the  coast. 

Historjj. — The  earliest  white  settlement  within  the  limits  of  Massachusetts  was 
made  in  1602,  but  was  abandoned  the  same  year.  In  1614  Captain  John  Smith  ex- 
plored the  New  England  coast  from  the  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod.  The  first  perma- 
nent settlement  was  made  in  1620.  A  number  of  English  Separatists,  who  had  sought 
liberty  of  conscience  in  Holland,  having  obtained  a  valueless  grant  of  lands  located 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  river,  embarked  for  the  New  World,  on  September  6, 
and  on  November  9  anchored  ofl"  Cape  Cod.  An  exploring  party  was  sent  out,  and  on 
December  22  the  little  band  of  pilgrims  landed  on  Plymouth  Rock.  They  founded  a 
town  at  Plymouth,  and  after  enduring  many  privations,  the  little  colony  was  blessed 
with  a  bountiful  harvest  in  1623,  and  from  that  time  on  flourished.  The  colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  was  founded  in  1028.  Additional  immigrants  arrived  shortly  after- 
wards, and  in  1630  Boston  was  settled.  Charlestown,  Dorchester,  Roxbury,  Saugus, 
Watertown  and  other  towns  sprang  up,  and  a  royal  patent  was  obtained  for  the  company 
of  the  Massachusetts  Bay.  Under  Charles  I.  an  attempt  was  made  to  annul  the  char- 
ter, but  the  colonists  refused  to  surrender  it,  and  took  prompt  measures  for  the  fortifi- 
cation of  Boston  harbor.  In  1637  occurred  the  Pequot  war,  but  it  was  chiefly  fought 
in  Connecticut.  In  1675-76  Massachusetts,  during  the  war  with  King  Philip,  sufi"ered 
terribly  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians.  In  1684  the  high  court  of  chancery  in  England 
declared  the  charter  forfeited,  the  general  court  was  dissolved,  and.  Joseph  Dudley  was 
appointed  president  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  superseded  in  1686  by  Sir  Edmund 
Andros,  who  ruled  in  a  most  arbitrary  manner  until  his  deposition  by  the  people  in 
1689.  The  colonies  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  Bay  w^ere  united  in  1692,  and 
received  a  new  charter,  under  which  the  appointment  of  the  governor  and  other  im- 
portant officers  was  vested  in  the  crown.  The  Anglo-French  wars  which  occurred  at 
frequent  intervals  between  1690  and  1763,  involved  Massachusetts  and  other  colonies. 
There  were  renewed  hostilities  with  the  French  and  Indians  in  1703-4,  and  the  last 
general  war  with  the  natives  occurred  in  1722-25.  In  the  events  preceding  the  Revo- 
lution Massachusetts  bore  a  most  prominent  part.  On  March  5,  1770,  occurred  the 
Boston  massacre,  and  on  Dec.  16,  1773,  the  destroying  of  the  tea,  which  resulted  in  the 
passage  of  the  "  Boston  port  bill  "  by  the  British  Parliament  in  March,  1774.  The  first 
contest  of  the  war  took  place  on  Massachusetts  soil,  and  throughout  the  struggle  for 
independence  the  State;  sustained  an  active  part.  Massachusetts  adopted  a  State  con- 
stitution in  1780,  and  has  several  times  amended  it,  especially  in  1820  and  1857.     The 


United  States  constitution  was  ratified  Feb.  6,  1788.  Shay's  rebellion,  induced  by  the 
heavy  taxation  caused  by  the  Revolutionary  war,  occurred  178G-87.  The  State  of  Maine 
was  set  oflF  from  Massachusetts  in  1820,  and  in  1861  the  village  of  Fall  River  was 
acquired  from  Rhode  Island  in  exchange  for  the  town  of  Pawtucket  and  some  other 
territory.     Massachusetts,  although  greatly  opposed  to  the  war  with  England  1812-14, 

STATE    OF    MASSACHUSETTS. 


furnished  large  numbers  of  seamen  to  the  American  navy,  and  during  the  Civil  war  gave 
146,730  soldiers  and  many  sailors  to  the  Union  forces,  and  expended  over  ^$30,000,000 
on  account  of  the  war. 

Pojyulation. — Census  of  1880  :  Males,  858,440;  Females,  924,645;  Native, 
1,339,504;  Foreign,  443,491;  White,  1,763,782;  Colored,  19,303,  including  229  Chi- 
nese, 8  Japanese,  and  369  Indians. 

26 


STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 


Topoijvaph]!. — Rhode  Island  has  an  extreme  length  north 
and  south  of  forty-seven  miles;  an  extreme  width  of  forty 
miles;  and  an  area  of  1,250  square  miles,  or  800,000  acres. 
Xarragansett  Bay  divides  it  into  two  unecjual  parts,  the  west- 
ern section  being  much  the  larger,  and  extending  north  from 
the  Atlantic  ocean  about  twenty-eight  miles.  The  width  of  the 
bay  varies  from  three  to  twelve  miles,  and  it  contains  several 
islands,  of  which  Aquidneck  or  Rhode  Island,  Canonicut  and 
Prudence  islands  are  the  most  important.  Block  Island,  ten 
miles  to  the  south  and  at  the  western  entrance  of  the  bay,  also  belongs  to  this  State. 
Rhode  Island  has  a  broken  and  hilly  surface.  Rivers  are  plentiful,  though  small,  of 
no  use  for  navigation,  but,  from  their  ra[)idity  and  their  numerous  waterfalls,  of  great 
service  for  manufacturing  purj)oses.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Pawtucket  and  Pawtuxet, 
emjitying  into  Narragansett  Bay;  and  the  Pawcatuck,  which  falls  into  Long  Islatid 
Sound.  There  are  numerous  small  lakes  in  this  State,  some  of  them  of  great  l)eauty. 
ClhlKlte, — Owing  to  its  nearness  to  the  sea  the  climate  of  Rhode  Island  is 
mild  and  equable,  resembling  that  of  Southern  Massachusetts  and  Eastern  Connecti- 
cut. The  mean  annual  temperature  varies  from  40°  to  SI''  Fahrenheit,  and  the  an- 
nual rainfall  averages  about  forty-two  inches.  Owing  chiefly  to  its  mild  and  equable 
temperature,  Newport  has  become  the  great  fashionable  summer  resort  of  the  country. 
History, —  Rhode  Island,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  and  the  smallest 
of  the  existing  thirty-eight,  was  first  settled  at  Providence  in  1G3G  by  Roger  Williams. 
In  1638  William  Coddington  and  others  bought  the  island  of  Aquidneck  (now  Rhode 
Island)  from  the  Indians,  and  founded  the  towns  of  Newport  and  Portsmouth.  A 
patent  was  obtained  from  the  crown  in  1G43,  which  provided  for  a  union  of  the 
settlements,  but  which  was  not  accepted  by  them  until  1G47.  The  charter  granted  by 
Charles  II.  in  16G3  served  as  the  organic  law  of  the  State  until  1843,  when  a  new 
constitution,  which  is  still  in  force,  was  ratified  by  the  people.  The  colony  suifered 
terribly  during  the  Indian  war  with  King  Philip  in  lG7o-7G,  Providence  itself  being 
burnt  during  the  conflict.  In  1G87  Rhode  Island  was  deprived  of  its  right  of  self- 
government  by  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  the  roval  governor  of  New  England,  but  that 
official  fell  from  power  on  the  success  of  the  great  English  revolution  of  1688,  and  in 
the  succeeding  year  the  colony  recovered  its  liberties.  In  1709  nearly  all  the  lands  of 
the  Narragansett  Indians  were  acquired  bv  purchase,  and  the  population  slowly 
increased  to  18.000  in  1730,  40,000  in  1755,  and  60,000  in  1770.  The  seamen  of 
Rhode  Island  distinguished  themselves  greatly  in  the  Anglo-French  wars  from  1750  to 
1763,  and  still  more  so  during  the  Revolutionary  struggle,  the  first  American  squadron 
sailing  from  Providence  uniler  the  command  of  Esek  Hopkins,  a  Rhode  Island  man. 
Newport  was  occupied  by  the  British  in  1776,  and  besieged  unsuccessfully  by  Gen. 
Sullivan  and  a  French  fleet  under  Count  d'Estaing  in  1778.  In  the  following  year  the 
British  forces  evacuated  Rhode  Island  to  concentrate  their  armies  in  New  York.  On 
July  10,  1780,  the  Count  de  Rochambeau  arrived  at  Newport  with  a  fleet  of  transports 
conveying  G,000  soldiers.  Rhode  Island  was  not  represented  in  the  convention  of 
1787,  which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  was  the  last  of  the 
States  to  ratify  that  instrument.  In  1842  occurred  the  "Dorr  rebellion."  The  old 
charter  still  served  as  the  constitution,  and  owing  to  its  want  of  adaptation  to  the  needs 
of  the  times  dissatisfaction  arose,  which  finally  culminated  in  an  irregularly  framed 
constitution,  under  which  T.  W.  Dorr  was  elected  governor.  The  Dorr  government 
twice  assembled,  but  was  dispersed  by  the  State  authorities.  A  disjiute  about  bound- 
aries which  had  existed  before  the  Revolutionary  war,  was  adjusted  in  1861  by  the 
cession  to  Massachusetts  of  the  village  of  Fall  River  in  exchange  for  the  town  of 
Pawtucket  and  a  part  of  Seekonk  (now  East  Providence).  The  State  was  among 
the  very  first  to  respond  to  President  Lincoln's  call  for  troops  in  April,  1861,  sending 
her  quota  at  once  with  the  governor  at  its  head,  and  during  the  Civil  war  she  furnished 
in  all  2:),23G   men    to  the  Federal   armies. 

Population.— Cenf^us  of  1880:    Males,   133.030;  Females,   143,501;  Native, 
202,538;  Foreign,  73,993;  White,  269,930;  Colored,  6,592,  including  27  Chinese,  and 

77  Indians. 

27 


RHODE    ISLA^ISTD    AND    CONNECTICUT. 


!^l 


28 


STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT. 


Topogi'dpliy. — Connecticut  is  the  third  smallest  of  the 
States,  followin'<r  next  after  Rhode  Island  and  Delaware.  Its 
average  length  is  eighty-six  miles;  average  breadth,  fifty-five 
miles;  area,  4,990  square  miles,  or  3,193,000  acres.  The  country 
is  beautifully  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys,  although  the 
scenery  is  less  rugged  than  that  of  the  States  on  its  north.  The 
Green  mountain  range  terminates  in  this  State  in  a  series  of 
hills,  and  the  highest  land  is  about  1,000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 
The  Housatonic,  Thames  and  Quinnebaug,  and  Coimecticut 
valleys  ex'end  north  and  south  through  the  State,  and  contain'much  of  its  best  land. 
The  sea  coast  is  over  100  miles  in  length,  and  is  deeply  indented  by  numerous  bays 
and  harbors,  affording  excellent  anchorage  for  sea-going  vessels.  New  Haven,  Bridge- 
port, New  London,  Stonington  and  Saybrook  are  the  most  important  of  these. 

Climate, — Connecticut  is  not  subject  to  such  great  extremes  of  temperature  as 
Massachusetts,  Vermont  and  Northern  New  York,  and  the  climate  is  mild  and  healthy. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  50°  Fahrenheit;  that  of  spring,  4G'';  suniiner, 
70°;  autumn,  53°;  and  winter,  30°  Fahrenheit.  Occasionally  the  thermometer  sinks 
to  zero,  and  considerable  snow  sometimes  falls.  The  summers  are  warm  and  pleasant, 
and  the  temperature  rarely  exceeds  90°  Fahrenheit,  even  in  July.  The  annual  pre- 
cipitation of  rain  and  snow  is  about  forty-eight  inches. 

History, — Connecticut,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  was  first  explored 
by  the  Dutch* settlers  of  Manhattan  Island,  about  1G15,  and  in  1G33  a  Dutch  settle 
ment  was  made  at  Hartford,  but  the  colonists  sold  out  shortly  afterwards  to  the  English. 
In  163(5  the  towns  of  Hartford,  Windsor  and  Wethersfield  were  settled  by  colonists 
from  Massachusetts,  who  remained  under  the  jurisdiction  of  that  province.  The  town 
of  Saybrook,  founded  in  1G39,  was  united  with  Connecticut  in  1G44.  In  1638  the 
colony  of  New  Haven  was  settled;  it  was  united  with  Connecticut  in  1GG5,  under 
the  charter  granted  the  provinces  in  1G62  by  King  Charles.  In  October,  1687,  the 
new  governor,  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  who  had  landed  at  Boston  ten  months  before 
with  the  king's  commission  in  his  pocket,  visited  Hartford  with  an  armed  guard  while 
the  general  assembly  was  in  session,  and  demanded  the  charter.  It  is  said  that  it 
was  thereupon  produced  and  laid  upon  the  table,  but  almost  instantly  the  lights  were 
blown  out,  and  the  charter  was  carried  off  by  unknown  hands  and  concealed  in  the 
famous  hollow  tree  afterwards  known  as  the  "Charter  Oak."  Andros,  however, 
assumed  the  government  and  carried  it  on  in  a  very  despotic  manner  until  the 
revolution  of  1688  hurried  his  master  from  the  English  throne.  When  the  news 
of  King  William's  success  reached  New  England  the  usurper  was  deposed  and 
imprisoned,  and  on  May  9,  1689,  the  rightful  government  resumed  its  functions. 
The  usurpation  was  passed  over  as  if  it  had  never  existed,  and,  as  the  legal 
proceedings  to  repeal  the  charter  had  never  been  carried  out,  it  remained  intact.  The 
old  charter  formed  the  constitution  of  the  State  until  the  adoption  of  the  present  one 
in  1818.  Connecticut  instructed  its  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress  on  June 
14,  1776,  to  propose  to  that  body  that  the  united  American  colonies  were  free  and  in- 
dependent States,  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  and  thus 
forecast  the  declaration  of  independence.  During  the  R»n-olutionary  war,  the  State 
furnished  more  men  to  the  patriot  armies  in  proportion  to  its  population  than  any  other 
of  the  new  commonwealths,  and  in  the  late  Civil  war  it  was  no  less  distinguished. 
From  1861  to  1865  it  contributed  thirty  regiments  of  infantry,  one  regiment  and  one 
squadron  of  cavalry,  two  regiments  and  three  batteries  of  artillery — numbering  in  all 
55,864  men — to  the  Federal  armies.  From  the  time  of  the  union  of  the  colonies  of 
Connecticut  and  New  Haven,  until  1701,  the  capital  was  Hartford,  but  from  1701  to 
1873  the  general  assembly  met  alternately  at  Hartford  and  Now  Haven.  In  the  last 
named  year  the  seat  of  government  was  permanently  established  at  Hartford,  where  a 
spler.did  State  house  has  been  erected. 

ropulatl on.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  305,782;  Females,  316,918;  Native, 
492,708;  Foreign,  129,9;»2;  White,  610,769;  Colored,  11,931,  including  123  Chmese, 
6   Japanese,  and  255   Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

29 


c 


I 


M^F     OK 

MAP    OF    THE    STATE    OF 

NEW  YORK. 


NE>V    YORK. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Topo(fVaph\l. — The  extreme  lenj^th  of  New  York  east  and 
west  is  ^\'l  miles;  greatest  breadth  IVoin  the  Canadian  boundary 
to  Staten  Island,  oil  miles;  area,  40,170  square  miles,  or 
31,468,800  acres.  The  outline  of  the  State  is  very  irregular, 
and  two-thirds  of  the  boundaries  are  formed  by  navigable  wa- 
ters, giving  New  York  a  total  water  frontage  of  880  miles. 
Long  Island,  Manhattan  and  Staten  Islands  are  by  far  the  most 
important  divisions,  distinct  from  the  main  land.  The  narrow 
belt  lying  east  of  the  Hudson  river  valley  is  intersected  by 
spurs  of  the  Hoosac  and  Green  mountains,  while  the  rolling  table  lands  to  the  west  are 
traversed  by  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Highland  chains,  the  Catskill,  Helderberg  and 
Adirondacks.  The  chief  river  is  the  Hudson,  which  rises  in  the  Adirondacks  and  has 
a  southerly  course  of  300  miles  to  New  York  Bay.  The  Allegheny  and  its  tributaries 
drain  the  southwest,  and  the  Susquehanna  the  southern  central  division.  The  Mohawk 
is  the  chief  affluent  of  the  Hudson.  The  State  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  lakes.  In 
the  west  are  Chautauqua  and  Cattaraugus;  in  the  central  division  Canandaigua,  Cayuga, 
Onondaga,  Oneida  and  others  having  the  Oswego  river  for  their  outlet. 

Climcite. — No  State  has  a  greater  diversity  of  climate  than  New  York.  The 
mean  for  tlie  State  for  the  year  is  46.50°  Fahrenheit,  while  in  the  Adirondacks  the 
annual  mean  does  not  exceed  40",  and  in  the  extreme  south  it  is  about  50°.  The  av- 
arage  annual  precipitation  is  about  forty-two  inches,  the  greatest  fall  being  in  the 
lower  Hudson  valley,  and  the  least  (thirty-two  inches)  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence. 

History. — New  York  was  first  made  known  to  Europeans  by  the  exploration 
of  Henry  Hudson,  who,  in  September,  1609,  discovered  the  Bay  of  New  York  and 
sailed  up  the  river  which  now  bears  his  name.  Two  months  earlier  Samuel  de  Cham- 
plain  had  discovered  and  named  Lake  Champlain.  Hudson  being  in  the  employ  of  the 
Dutch,  Holland  claimed  the  territory,  and  by  1621  Dutch  settlements  were  made  on 
Manhattan  Island,  and  at  Albany  and  other  points,  while  the  name  of  the  "  New  Neth- 
erlands" was  applied  to  the  country.  Manhattan  Island  was  purchased  for  twenty- 
four  dollars  from  the  Indians  in  1626,  Troubles  with  the  Indians  occurred  1640-45, 
and  in  1655  the  Swedish  settlements  on  the  Delaware  were  incorporated  with  the  New 
Netherlands.  The  English  claimed  the  country  as  a  part  of  Virginia,  and  in  August, 
1664,  captured  Manhattan  (New  Amsterdam)  and  named  it  New  York.  The  Dutch 
afterwards  regained  possession,  but  held  it  less  than  a  year,  after  which  it  w^as  perma- 
nently transferred  to  the  English.  In  1754  the  Anglo-French  war  began,  and  New 
York  became  the  battle-field  of  the  contending  forces.  In  1763  hostilities  were 
brought  to  an  end  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  under  which  Canada  was  ceded  to  the  Brit- 
ish. New  York  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  great  Revolution.  In  May,  1775,  Ethan 
Allen  and  his  "  Green  Mountain  Boys  "  captured  Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga,  and 
in  October  following  the  last  royal  governor  of  New  York  was  forced  to  flee.  For  many 
years  prior  to  this  New  York  had  been  engaged  in  disputes  with  the  colonies  of  Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts  and  the  Vermont  settlers  regarding  their  boundaries,  and  the 
troubles  with  the  latter  were  not  brought  to  an  end  until  1791,  when  Vermont  was 
admitted  as  a  State.  In  February,  1776,  an  American  force  took  possession  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  but  in  August  following  the  British  resumed  control  and  held  Manhattan 
Island  until  Nov.  25,  1783.  Burgoyne's  surrender  at  Saratoga  in  October,  1777,  was 
the  first  great  success  of  the  colonists.  West  Point  was  fortified  1777-78,  and  in 
1780  was  nearly  lost  by  the  treason  of  Benedict  Arnold.  New  York  City  was  the  seat 
of  the  colonial  government  until  the  Revolution,  and  the  State  capital  from  1784  to  1797, 
when  Albany  was  made  the  capital.  It  was  also  the  seat  of  the  United  States  govern- 
ment from  1785  to  1790.  During  the  war  of  1812-14  the  border  towns  of  New  York 
were  attacked  by  the  British  forces.  The  first  State  constitution  was  adopted  in  1777, 
and  was  revised  in  1801,  1821  and  1846,  slavery  being  abolished  in  1817.  During  the 
late  Civil  war  New  York  furnished  448,850  troops  to  the  Federal  armies. 

ropulatiOil.— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  2,505,322;  Females,  2,577,549;  Native, 
3,871,492;  Foreign,  1,211,379;  White,  5,016,022;  Colored,  66,849,  including  909  Chi- 
nese, 17  .lapanese,  and  819  Indians. 

32 


STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


TopO(/rapJitf. — New  Jersey  has  an  extreme  length  north 
and  south  of  157  miles;  a  breadth  of  from  thirty-seven  to  sev- 
enty miles;  and  an  area  of  7,815  square  miles,  or  5,001,600  acres. 
The  highest  ground  is  found  in  the  northwest,  where  the  Blue 
mountains  attain  an  elevation  of  from  1,000  to  1,750  feet.  The 
Highland  range  consists  of  a  series  of  hills  rising  300  to  600 
feet  above  their  alternating  valleys,  and  separated  from  the 
Blue  mountains  by  the  Kittatinny  valley,  which  has  a  width  of 
about  ten  miles.  The  elevation  of  this  range  is  from  1,000  to 
1,400  feet  above  the  sea.  The  Palisades  of  the  Hudson,  on  the  northeast,  consist  of 
rough  ridges  of  trap  formation,  never  exceeding  COO  feet  in  height.  The  centre  of  the 
State  is  an  undulating  plain,  and  the  southern  division  is  low  and  level.  The  Hudson 
forms  part  of  the  eastern  border,  and  the  Delaware  river  and  bay  the  western.  The 
Atlantic  coast  line  is  120  miles  long,  and  the  water  frontage  on  Delaware  Bay  is 
almost  as  great,  while  the  Hudson  river  and  the  Raritan,  New  York  and  Newark  bays 
afford  splendid  harbor  facilities.  The  coast  from  Cape  May  to  Sandy  Hook  is  bordered 
by  long  strips  of  sand  beach  enclosing  considerable  bodies  of  water  connected  by  nar- 
row passages.  Vessels  of  light  draft  can  sail  round  much  of  the  coast  in  these  pro- 
tected lagoons,  and  thus  avoid  the  rough  sea  of  the  Atlantic.  The  most  noticeable 
natural  features  of  the  State  are  the  peculiar  gorge  or  cut  through  the  Blue  mountains 
known  as  the  Delaware  Water  Gap  and  the  falls  of  the  Passaic  at  Paterson.  In  the 
northern  highlands  there  are  several  small  picturesque  lakes,  and  the  watering  places 
on  the  Atlantic  coast,  including  Long  Branch,  Squan  Beach,  Atlantic  City  and  Cape 
May,  are  among  the  most  popular  summer  resorts  in  the  East. 

Climate. — The  temperature  varies  considerably  in  ditferent  parts  of  New  Jer- 
sey, the  annual  mean  in  the  northern  highlands  being  from  48°  to  50'^  Fahrenheit; 
while  in  the  south,  where  the  elevation  is  slight  and  the  influence  of  the  ocean  is  felt, 
it  reaches  54^.  The  u])lands  are  healthy,  but  marsh  fever  and  ague  prevail  in  some 
parts  of  the  south.  The  precipitation  of  rain  and  snow  ranges  from  forty-one  inches 
at  Cape  May  to  fifty  inches  in  the  northern  highlands. 

JTisfoi'f/, — The  first  settlers  in  New  .Jersey  were  the  Dutch  of  New  Amster- 
dam, who  planted  a  colony  at  Bergen  about  1620.  A  colony  of  Swedes  settled  on  the 
east  shore  of  the  Delaware  in  1038.  In  1655  the  Dutch  dispossessed  the  Swedes,  and 
in  1604  the  country  passed  to  the  English  with  New  York.  The  Duke  of  York  trans- 
ferred the  whole  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  and  the  territory  was 
named  New  Jersey  in  compliment  to  the  latter,  who  had  been  governor  of  the  island 
of  Jersey.  Prior  to  this,  however,  the  towns  of  Newark,  Shrewsbury,  Elizabeth  and 
Middletown  were  founded  by  immigrants  from  ConTiecticut.  The  Dutch  captured 
New  York,  and  New  Jersey  submitted  to  them  in  1673,  but  reverted  to  England  in 
1674  and  for  six  years  was  governed  by  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  the  royal  governor  of 
New  England.  From  1682  to  1702  William  Penn  and  a  company  of  Friends  governed 
New  Jersey.  Previous  to  that  time  there  had  been  two  distinct  governments,  known 
as  East  and  West  Jersey.  The  proprietary  government  lasted  twenty  years  and  sur- 
rendered its  powers  to  the  crown  in  1702.  While  retaining  its  separate  assembly  New 
Jersey  was  subject  to  the  governor  of  New  York  until  1708,  when  it  acquired  a  dis- 
tinct administration.  Immediately  after  the  declaration  of  independence  New  Jersey 
became  the  theatre  of  war,  and  some  of  the  most  important  contests  of  the  Revolution 
occurred  within  its  borders.  It  was  here  the  battles  of  Fort  Lee,  Trenton,  Princeton, 
Millstone,  Red  Bank  and  Monmouth  were  fought.  New  Jersey  adopted  a  State  con- 
stitution in  1776  and  a  new  one  in  1844,  which  has  recently  been  amended.  The  Fed- 
eral constitution  was  adopted  unanimously  in  December,  1787,  and  the  State  capital 
was  established  at  Trenton  in  17'J0.  Slavery  existed  in  the  State  for  many  years,  but 
in  1840  tliere  were  only  674  persons  held  as  slaves,  and  at  the  census  of  1860  only 
eighteen  were  returned,  and  New  .Jersey  was  counted  as  one  of  the  free  States.  It  con- 
tributed 75,814  men  to  the  Federal  armies  during  the  Civil  war. 

Poj^idftf ion. —Census  of  1880  :    Males,  559,922;  Females,  571,194;    Native, 
909,416;  Foreign,  221,700;  WHiite,  1,092,017;  Colored,  39,099,  including  170  Chinese, 
2  Japanese,  74  Indians  and  2  East  Indians. 
'^  33 


MAF»    OF    NE^V    JERSEY. 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


TopOtft'tlpJtff. — The  scenery  of  this  State  is  of  the  most  di- 
veisitied  character,  imluding  level  plains  in  the  southeast,  hills 
^"  and  mountains  in  the  centre,  and  rolling,  broken  country  in  the 
west  and  southwest.  Its  greatest  length  east  and  west  is  303 
miles;  greatest  width  north  and  south,  17G  miles;  mean  length, 
280  miles;  mean  breadth,  158  miles;  area,  45,215  square  miles, 
or  28,937, GOO  acres.  That  part  of  Pennsylvania  between  the 
Blue  mountains  and  the  Delaware  river  rises  from  a  few  feet 
above  tidewater  at  Philadelphia,  to  nearly  a  thousand  feet  at 
the  base  of  the  hills,  the  ascent  being  gradual.  The  country  is  one  of  great  beauty. 
The  Cumberland  valley  forms  a  part  of  the  great  depression  which  extends  through 
the  entire  length  of  the  Appalachian  system  as  far  south  as  Alabama.  The  mountain 
belt  of  the  State  is  bounded  east  and  west  by  the  Kittatinny  and  AUeghanv  mountains. 
The  third  great  division  of  the  State  is  the  extensive  elevated  table  land  which  occu- 
pies about  one-half  its  area,  and  extends  from  the  western  slope  of  the  Alleghanies  to 
the  Ohio  border.  The  Susquehanna  drains  nearly  one-half  the  area  of  the  State.  Its 
chief  tributary  is  the  Juniata.  The  Delaware,  which  rises  in  the  Catskill  mountains  in 
New  York,  is  a  tidal  stream  132  miles  from  the  sea,  at  Trenton.  The  Alleghany  rises 
in  the  "oil  country,"  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  State,  and  at  Pittsburgh  forms  a 
junction  with  the  Monongahela,  which  drains  the  southwest  part.  The  Ohio,  below 
their  junction,  is  a  great  thoroughfare  for  steam  navigation.  Pennsylvania  contains 
much  beautiful  and  romantic  scenery.  The  cuts  made  by  the  Delaware,  Lehigh  and 
Schuylkill  rivers  through  the  Blue  Ridge  are  very  picturesque. 

Climate. — The  temperature  of  the  southern  and  eastern  divisions  of  the  State 
differs  coiiside-rably  from  that  of  the  north,  and  of  the  jiortion  west  of  the  mountains. 
In  the  Alleghany,  central  and  nortliern  uplands,  the  winters  are  severe  and  protracted, 
with  heavy  falls  of  snow.  Along  the  Delaware  the  summer  temperature  often  ranges 
from  UO"  to  100"^  Fahrenheit,  and  the  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Juniata  have  a 
climate  closely  resembling  that  of  the  valley  of  the  Rhine,  the  summer  heat  being  pro- 
longed far  into  Oct(jber.  West  of  the  mountains  the  summers  are  shorter  and  liot; 
the  winters  cold.  The  average  fall  of  rain  and  snow  is  from  thirty-six  to  iorty-tive 
inches,  varying  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  The  climate  is  healthy;  and  vegeta- 
tion is  about  a  week  earlier  than  in  New  York  State. 

Ilistortf, — The  first  permanent  settlements  in  Pennsylvania  were  made  by 
Swedisli  immigrants,  who  established  a  colony  at  what  is  njw  the  city  of  Chester  in 
1638.  The  Dutch  in  1G55  sent  out  an  armed  force,  which  captured  the  Swedish  forts 
and  settlements,  and  they  became  part  of  the  New  Netlierlands.  The  English  con- 
quered the  territory  in  1G64,  and  the  Dutch  retook  it  in  1G72,  l)ut  had  to  give  it  up  a 
few  months  later.  But  Pennsylvania  proper  dates  from  1G81,  when  William  Penn 
received  a  grant  from  Charles  II.  of  England,  of  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Delaware. 
Philadelphia  was  founded  in  1682.  During  the  jjrotracted  wars  between  France  and 
England,  174G-60,  Pennsylvania  became  the  battle  ground  of  the  opposing  forces. 
The  battles  at  Braddock's  Field  and  Fort  Duquesne  (now  Pittsljurgh)  were  among  the 
most  noticeable  conflicts  of  this  war,  which  terminated  in  17G4  by  the  total  defeat  of 
the  savages.  The  history  of  Pennsylvania  during  the  Revolutionary  war  is  the  history 
of  the  country.  The  proprietary  government  was  abolished  and  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania came  into  being  in  1770.  The  signing  of  the  declaration  of  independence  and 
the  meeting  of  the  continental  congress  in  Philadelphia;  the  defense  of  that  city 
against  the  British  forces;  the  battles  of  Germantown  and  Brandy  wine,  and  the  terri- 
ble winter  at  Valley  Forge,  can  be  only  th\is  briefly  noticed  here.  In  1790  a  constitu- 
tion was  formed  and  State  oflicers  elected.  This  constitution  was  revised  in  1838,  and 
amended  in  1850,  1857  and  during  the  Civil  war,  and  in  1873  a  new  one  was  adopted. 
The  "whisky  insurrection  "  of  1794  was  a  revolt  of  the  people  of  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania against  the  excise  law.  Philadelphia  was  originally  the  capital,  but  in  1799  the 
seat  of  government  was  transferred  to  Lancaster,  and  in  1812  to  Harrisburgh,  where  it 
still  remains.  When  the  Civil  war  began  Pennsylvania  came  promptly  forward  to  the 
aid  of  the  Union,  and  furnished  in  all  337,930  men  to  the  Federal  army.  The  State 
was  thrice  invaded  by  the  Confederate   forces — the  first  time  in  18''»2,  and  the  last  in 

35 


July,  1864,  when  the  town  of  Chambersburgh  was  almost  totally  destroyed.  The  great 
battle  of  the  war  fjught  on  Pennsylvania  soil  was  the  three-da^^s  fight  at  Gettysburgh, 
July  1,  2,  3,  1863,  which  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee,  and  his  with- 

STATE   OF   PENXSYLYANLl. 


drawal  through  Maryland  into  Virginia.     Gettysburgh  has  been  considered  the  decisive 
battle  of  the  war,  and  its  importance  can  scarcely  be  overestimated. 

Po2)ulation.— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  2,136,655;  Females,  2,146,236;  Native, 
3,695,062;  Foreign,  587,829;  White,  4,197,016;  Colored,  85,875, including  148  Chinese, 
8  .Japanese,  and  184  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

36 


STATE  OF  DELAWARE. 


Topography, — The  State  has  an  extreme  length  north  and 
south  of  ninety-six  miles;  a  breadth  of  about  thirty-six  miles  on 
the  south  line  and  ten  miles  on  the  north;  and  an  area  of  2,050 
square  miles,  or  1,312,000  acres.  There  are  no  mountains  in 
Delaware.  The  southern  portion  is  almost  level,  and  sandy, 
with  large  marshes  abounding  in  cypress,  cedar  and  other 
trees;  but  the  northern  half  is  undulating,  and  contains  some 
beautiful  though  not  striking  scenery.  The  coast  is  low  and 
swampy,  with  salt  marshes  and  shallow  lagoons  separated  from 
the  sea  by  sandy  beaches.  The  water-shed  is  formed  by  a  low 
table  land  or  sand  ridge  running  north  and  south  near  the  western  border,  and  not 
more  than  sixty  to  seventy-five  feet  in  height.  Drainage  is  into  the  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  bays,  but  the  streams  are  unimportant,  and,  with  the  exception  of  Christiana 
creek,  only  available  for  small  craft.  The  tide  runs  ujj  to  Wilmington,  where  there  is 
a  depth  of  eighteen  feet  of  water;  and  Rehoboth  Bay  at  the  mouth  of  Indian  river  ad- 
mits vessels  drawing  six  feet  of  water. 

Cliinate. — The  climate  is  mild,  and  tempered  by  the  sea  breezes.  The  mean 
annual  temperature  is  from  51*^  to  53^  Fahrenheit,  and  the  rainfal'  about  fifty  inches 
per  annum.  In  the  northern  division  the  climate  is  salubrious  and  pleasant,  but  in 
the  swampy  parts  of  the  south  there  is  considerable  malaria. 

History. — Delaware,  one  of  the  original  thirteen  States,  and,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Rhode  Island,  the  smallest  in  the  Union,  was  named  after  Lord  De  la  Warr, 
British  governor  of  Virginia,  who  entered  Delaware  Bay  in  ItilO.  Hendrick  Hudson 
had  been  there  a  year  earlier,  and  was  followed  in  161G  by  Hendrickson,  and  in 
1623  by  Mey,  after  whom  the  promontory  incorrectly  spoken  of  as  Cape  "May" 
was  named.  The  first  permanent  settlements  were  made  by  Swedish  colonists  in 
1638-39.  They  erected  a  fort  near  where  Wilmington  now  stands,  purchased  from 
the  Indians  all  the  lands  between  Cape  Henlopen  and  Trenton  Falls,  and  named 
the  country  New  Sweden.  They  soon  quarreled  with  the  Dutch  settlers  on  the 
Jersey  shore.  In  1654  the  Swedes  captured  the  Dutch  fort  at  New  Castle  (then  called 
Fort  Casimir),  and  the  next  year  Governor  Stuyvesant,  of  Manhattan  Island,  not  only 
retook  the  fort  but  captured  that  of  the  Swedes  (Fort  Christiana),  and  compelled  them 
to  swear  allegiance  to  the  Dutch  government  or  leave  the  country.  In  1664  Sir  Robert 
Carr  captured  Manhattan  Island  and  the  Delaware  settlements,  and  for  nine  years  the 
English  held  the  territory.  For  one  year,  1673-74,  the  Dutch  again  had  possession,  but 
the  colonies  were  secured  to  England  by  the  Westminster  treaty  of  1674,  and  the  Del- 
aware counties  were  governed  by  a  representative  of  the  Duke  of  York,  who  had 
obtained  a  grant  from  his  brother.  King  Charles  II.  In  16S2  the  duke  transferred 
"  the  three  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware  "  to  William  Penn,  then  proprietary  gov- 
ernor of  Pennsylvania,  but  considerable  difficulty  arose  in  consequence  of  a  claim 
made  by  Lord  Baltimore,  which  was  finally  compromised.  The  lower  counties  sent 
delegates  to  the  Pennsylvania  assembly  until  1703,  after  which  they  were  allowed  an 
assembly  of  their  own,  which  met  at  New  Castle,  the  same  governor  presiding  over 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  The  State  declared 
itself  free  and  independent  in  1776,  and  contributed  nobly  to  the  patriot  cause.  The 
battle  of  the  Brandy  wine,  on  Sept.  11,  1777,  was  fought  upon  the  banks  of  the  river  of 
that  name,  but  just  outside  of  Delaware.  The  State  was  the  first  to  ratify  the  Federal 
constitution  of  1787.  The  first  constitution  was  adopted  in  1776;  a  second  one  was 
adopted  in  1792,  which  was  amended  in  1831  and  is  still  in  force.  Delaware  was  one 
of  the  slaveholding  States,  although  the  number  of  persons  held  in  servitude  had 
diminished  in  1860  to  less  than  2,000,  while  the  free  colored  population  amounted 
to  ten  times  that  number.  It  remained  loyal  to  the  Union  cause  during  the  war,  and 
furnished  to  the  Federal  armies  seven  regiments  of  infantry,  one  regiment  of  cavalry, 
and  one  battery,  or  12,284  men — a  greater  number  of  soldiers  in  proportion  to  the 
population  than  was  raised  by  any  other  State. 

Population, — Census  of  1880:  Males,  74,108;  Females,  72,500;  Native, 
137,140;  Foreign,  9,468;  White,  120,160;  Colored,  26,448,  including  1  Chinese  and 
5  Indians. 

37 


MAP    OF    DELA^VAR^E. 


38 


STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 


TopOffVaphy, — Maryland  has  an  extreme  length  east  and 
west  of  19(3  miles;  its  breadth  varies  from  less  than  ten  miles 
in  the  west  to  about  1)^0  miles  in  the  eastern  peninsula,  while 
the  area,  not  including  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  comprises  2,835 
s(juare  miles,  is  12,210  square  miles,  or  7,814,4:00  acres.  Ches- 
apeake Bay  extends  almost  through  the  entire  breadth  of  the 
State.  Maryland  has  over  500  miles  of  frontage  on  tide-water 
and  several  navigable  rivers,  of  which  the  chief  are  the  Potomac, 
Patuxent,  Patapsco  and  Susquehanna,  all  of  which  empty  into 
Chesapeake  Bav.  The  extreme  western  part  of  the  State  is  drained  by  the  Youghio- 
genv,  a  tributary  of  the  Mtmongahela.  Chesapeake  Bay  contains  numerous  small 
islands,  and  its  shores  are  indented  by  many  bays  and  inlets.  The  peninsular  section 
is  low  and  sandy,  and  the  western  division,  lying  between  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the 
estuary  of  the  Potomac,  is  of  the  same  general  character;  but  in  the  northwest  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  Alleghany  mountains  attain  a  moderate  elevation,  and  the  country  is  rugged 
and  broken. 

CI unate. — The  climate  is  mild  and  salubrious,  being  modified  by  the  vicinity  of 
the  ocean,  and  the  State  generally  is  healthy,  although  malarial  diseases  are  not  un- 
known in  the  lowlands  along  the  bay.  The  mean  annual  tenq)erature  in  the  northwest 
is  about  oO*"'  Fahrenheit,  in  the  central  division  about  50°,  and  at  Baltimore  about  54''. 
The  rainfall  averages  from  forty-five  to  fifty  incln's  per  annum. 

JUsfori/, — Maryland,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  of  the  American  Union, 
was  settled  in  1631  by  Capt.  William  Clayborne  and  a  party  of  men  from  Virginia, 
who  established  themselves  on  Kent  Island,  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  On  June  20,  1032, 
King  Charles  I.  granted  to  Cecil  Calvert,  second  Lord  l>altim<)re,  a  charter  for  a  colony 
styled  Terra  Alaricc  or  "  Mary's  Land."  Leonard  Calvert,  brother  of  the  proprietor, 
led  the  first  colony,  which  consisted  of  about  200  persons.  They  landed  in  March, 
1634,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Potomac  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  founded  a  town 
which  they  called  St.  Mary's.  The  occupants  of  Kent  Island  were  driven  out,  but  in 
1642  a  number  of  Nonconformists,  expelled  from  Virginia,  settled  at  Annapolis,  then 
called  Providence,  and  soon  after,  co-operating  with  Clayborne,  took  the  government 
into  their  own  hands.  But  in  1646  the  pro])rietors  regained  possession.  After  the 
establishment  of  the  commonwealth  the  Puritan  element  again  gut  the  upper  hand,  de- 
feated the  troops  raised  Ijy  its  opponents  and  remained  in  power  three  years,  when  the 
Calverts  regained  control.  '  King  William  IIL  assumed  the  government  of  the  colony 
after  the  revolution  of  lt)88.  ]3altimore  was  laid  out  in  1730,  Frederick  City  in  1745, 
and  Georgetown  in  1751.  In  December,  1774,  a  popular  convention  superseded  the" 
proprietary  government,  and  in  November,  1776,  a  bill  of  rights  and  a  constitution  for 
the  State  were  adopted.  Throughout  the  Revolution  the  Maryland  troops  fought  gal- 
lantly in  the  Continental  armies,  and  in  1783  Congress  met  at  Annapolis,  where  also 
General  Washington  resigned  his  commission  as  commander-in-chief.  The  State  con- 
vention ratified  the  Federal  constitution  on  April  28,  1788.  Prominent  events  of  the 
war  of  1812  were  the  burning  of  Havre  de  Grace,  Frenchtown,  Fredericktown  and 
Georgetown,  and  the  battles  of  Bladensburg  and  North  Point  and  the  bombardment 
of  Fort  McHenry.  The  first  blood  of  the  Civil  war  was  shed  in  Baltimore  April  19, 
1861.  The  State  legislature  met  at  Frederick  April  26  and  passed  resolutions  favora- 
ble to  the  Confederacy  and  oj)posing  the  war,  but  refused  to  adopt  an  ordinance  of 
secession.  Maryland  furnished  46,638  men  to  the  Union  armies.  The  principal  battle 
fought  in  the  State  was  that  of  Antietam,  which  took  place  Sept.  16,  17,  1862.  .Tune, 
1863,  Lee  again  invaded  the  State  in  his  advance  into  Pennsylvania,  and  it  was  again 
invaded  by  Early,  July,  1864.  The  constitution  of  1776  was  amended  in  1802  and 
1810,  and  considerably  altered  in  1836.  More  amendments  were  adopted  in  1845-46, 
and  in  1851  a  new  organic  law  was  ratified  by  the  ])eople.  This  was  supplanted  in 
1864  by  a  constitution  which  abolished  slaver}',  and  disfranchised  all  who  had  partici- 
pated in  the  Rebellion,  and  in  1867  the  present  constitution  was  adopted. 

PoJ)hI a f ion.— Cimsus   of  1880  :    Males,   462,187;  Females,  472,756;    Native, 
852,137;    Foreign,  82,806;  White,  724,693;    Colored,   210,250,   including  5   Chinese 

and  15  Indians. 

39 


MAP    OF    MARYLANl^. 


STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 


TitpoijrapJiff.—'Yhii  greatest  leiigtli  of  Virginia  east  and 
west  is  alxiut  440  miles  ;  greatest  breadth  north  and  south,  liJO 
miles  ;  area,  4-^,4:50  square  miles,  or  27,1<J8,000  acres.  The 
Shenandoah,  Alleghany  and  Cumberland  mountains  extend 
along  the  West  Virginia  border  from  Harper's  Ferry  to  the 
Tennessee  line.  The  six  great  topographical  divisions  are  known 
as  the  Tidewater,  Middle,  Piedmont,  Blue  Ridge,  Valley  and 
Appalachian  sections,  all  of  which  extend  across'the  State  from 
northeast  to  southwest,  and  have  a  general  trend  correspondino- 
to  that  of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  the  Appalachian  range.  More  than  three-fourths  of 
Virginia  is  drained  by  the  Potomac,  Kappaliannock,  liapidan,  York,  Elizabeth,  James, 
and  their  tributaries,  all  of  which  find  their  way  at  last  to  the  Atlantic. 

Cf una fe.— Owing  to  the  dilTerences  in  elevation  and  situation,  the  climate  of 
Virginia  varies  greatly  in  the  several  sections.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  from 
55°  to  60°  on  the  sea  coast,  and  from  48°  to  52'^  Fahrenheit  in  the  Blue  Kidge  and 
Appalachian  districts.  Observations  taken  at  Lynchburg  give  the  mean  temperature  at 
different  seasons  as  follows:  Spring,  51^;  summer,  75°;  autumn,  55°;  winter,  40" ;  the 
year,  56.5'^  Fahrenheit.  There  is  an  abundant  rainfall,  the  annual  precipitation  being 
from  forty-four  to  fifty-five  inches,  most  rain  falling  in  the  southeast. 

HistOVl/. — The  first  permanent  settlement  by  the  English  in  America  was  made 
within  the  limits  of  the  present  State.  The  earliest  settlement  was  made  at  .Jamestown, 
in  1607.  From  liJO'J  there  were  constant  accessions  to  the  colony,  although  trcjubles 
with  the  Indians  and  misgovernment  hindered  the  prosperity  of  the  settlements.  In 
1024  the  London  company  was  dissolved  and  Virginia  became  directly  subject  to 
the  crown.  In  1G76  occurred  what  was  known  as  "  Bacon's  rebellion,"  the  incitino- 
causes  being  the  high  rate  of  taxes  and  the  governor's  attempts  to  restrict  the  franchise. 
In  1G99  Williamsburgh  was  founded,  and  the  general  assembly  met  there  in  1700.  In 
the  war  with  the  French,  which  broke  out  in  1754,  Virginia  took  an  active  part. 
Throughout  the  Revolution  the  State  bore  a  prominent  part.  In  the  summer  of  1779 
the  British  destroyed  Norfolk,  aiul  in  1781  Richmond  was  captured  and  burnt.  The 
siege  of  Yorktown  was  commenced  Sept.  28,  1781,  and  on  October  19  Cornwallis  sur- 
rendered with  8,000  men  and  over  100  cannon,  and  this  victory  practically  secured  the 
independence  of  the  United  States.  A  State  constitiition  was  adopted  in  1776,  and  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  was  ratified  .June  25,  1788.  Richmond  became  the 
capital  in  1779.  There  was  at  first  great  division  of  opinion  in  regard  to  secession,  but 
with  the  firing  on  Sumter  and  in  reply  to  the  president's  call  for  troops  the  ordinance 
of  secession  was  passed.  On  May  7  Virginia  joined  the  Confederacy,  and  in  the  sam*^ 
month  the  capital  of  the  Confederate  States  was  transferred  from  5lontoromerv,  Ala., 
to  Richmond.  The  State  authorities  seized  the  navy  yard  at  Norfolk,  the  United  States 
arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  the  custom  house  at  Richmond,  and  nearly  all  other  Federal 
property  in  Virginia.  From  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  Virginia  was  almost  con- 
stantly the  scene  of  military  operations.  The  most  important  battle  in  the  State 
in  1861  was  that  of  Bull  Run.  The  Federals  began  an  advance  on  Richmond  early 
in  the  spring  of  1802.  A  number  of  engagements  took  place  which  resulted  in 
averting  the  attack  on  Richmond,  and  the  withdrawal  of  the  Union  forces  under 
McClellan  to  the  Potomac.  Th(i  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  took  place  August  29—30, 
which  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  Federals.  Iti  May,  1^04,  Gen.  Grant  assumed  com- 
mand of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  began  another  advance  on  Richmond.  Then 
followed  the  engagements  in  the  Wilderness,  the  second  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  and 
Gen.  Sheridan's  operations  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.  The  siege  of  Petersburg  began 
in  June,  1804,  and  ended  by  the  evacuation  of  the  Confederates,  April,  1805.  This 
was  followed  by  Lee's  surrender  at  Appomatox  Court  House,  April  9,  which  virtually 
closed  the  war.  In  1809  a  new  constitution  was  adopted,  and  in  October  of  this  year 
the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  amendments  were  ratified.  On  Jan.  20,  1870,  Virginia 
was  readmitted  into  the  Union. 

Population,— Cen?>ns  of  1880  :  Males,  745,589;  Females,  700,976;  Native, 
1,497,809;  Foreign,  14,090;  White,  880,858;  Colored,  631,707,  including  0  Chinese, 
and  85  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 


41 


MAP    OF    VIRGINIA 


STATE  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA. 


Topofft'ftphy* — Tlie  greatest  length  of  the  State  north  and 
south  is  about  240  miles;  greatest  breadth  100  miles;  area, 
24,780  stjuare  miles  or  15,859,200  acres.  West  Virginia  is 
extremely  hilly.  The  Alleghany  rangt;  on  its  eastern  boundary 
contains  several  large  peaks,  and  west  of  this  range  and  running 
parallel  with  it,  at  an  average  distance  of  thirty  miles,  are  a 
series  of  mountains  scarcely  inferior  in  height,  which  enclose 
many  fertile  valleys.  There  are  a  number  of  other  ranges  of 
hills  in  the  southeast,  their  general  trend  being  IVotn  northeast 
to  southwest.  The  scenery  of  the  mountain  regions  is  very  fine  and  forms  a  special 
attraction  for  tourists.  A  few  of  the  smaller  streams  in  the  east  are  tributary  to  the 
Potomac,  but  the  rivers  generally  drain  into  the  Ohio.  The  western  division  is  a  rolling 
table  land  with  a  gradual  slope  from  the  mountains,  where  its  elevation  is  nearly 
2,500  feet  to  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  DOO  feet  above  the  sea-level.  The  Potomac  forms 
part  of  the  eastern  boundary.  The  Big  Sandy,  Great  and  Little  Kanawha,  Guayan- 
dotte  and  Monongahela  are  all  navigable,  and  large  congressional  appropriations  have 
been  made  for  the  improvement  of  several  of  them.  The  slackwater  navigation  of  the 
Kanawha  and  Monongahela  is  of  much  service  to  the  commerce  of  the  State,  and  by 
means  of  the  Ohio  the  southern  and  southwestern  cities  can  be  reached.  A  large 
))ortion  of  the  State  is  still  densely  covered  with  valuable  forests  of  oak,  walnut, 
poplar,  ash,  hemlock,  locust,  chestnut  and  other  timber  trees.  The  lumber  interest 
is  now  an  important  one,  but  with  the  increase  of  railroads  it  will  be  greatly 
extended. 

Cliniflte, — The  climate  is  generally  equable,  and  is  not  marked  by  any  great 
extremes.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  52";  that  of  winter,  31°;  spring, 
50°;  summer,  72°;  autumn,  54°  Farenheit.  The  average  rainfall  is  from  forty-three  to 
forty-five  inches,  and  except  in  the  more  elevated  sections  little  inconvenience  is 
experienced  in  the  winters.  The  climate  much  resembles  that  of  Virginia,  and 
is  well  adapted  for  all  agricultural  purposes.  The  State  is  very  healthy,  the 
death  rate  being  less  than  one  per  cent.  The  State  contains  a  great  number 
of  useful  mineral  springs,  among  which  are  the  well-known  Black  Sulphur  Si)rings 
and  Blue  Sulphur  Springs  of  Greenbrier  county,  and  the  Red,  the  Salt  and  Sweet 
Sulphur  Springs  in  Monroe  county. 

Histovy. — West  Virginia  was  formed  into  a  State  during  the  earlier  years  of 
the  Civil  war,  and  was  composed  of  the  northern  and  western  counties  of  Virginia. 
The  people  of  this  district,  separated  by  a  range  of  mountains  from  the  fertile  plains 
of  the  Old  Dominion,  and  holding  but  few  slaves,  had  little  in  common  with  the 
wealthy  planters  and  large  slave  owners  of  the  east  and  south.  Many  of  them,  too, 
were  of  Northern  descent,  especially  those  residing  along  the  Ohio  river,  and  when  the 
struggle  began  they  took  sides  with  the  Union.  On  April  22,  18G1,  a  meeting  was 
held  at  Clarksburg  at  which  the  passage  of  the  ordinance  of  secession  by  the  Rich- 
mond convention  was  denounced,  and  a  call  issued  for  a  convention  to  be  held  in 
Wheeling,  May  13.  This  body,  representing  twenty-five  counties,  met  and  rejected 
the  ordinance,  and  an  election  of  delegates  having  been  held,  representatives  of  forty 
counties  met  June  11,  repudiated  the  action  of  the  State  authorities,  and  on  June  20 
elected  Francis  H.  Peirpoint  governor,  and  also  chose  an  executive  council  ami  other 
officials.  This  government  had  its  headquarters  at  Wheeling  until  1803,  when  it  was 
transferred  to  Alexandria,  and  exercised  authority  over  so  much  of  Virginia  as  was 
under  the  control  of  the  Federal  government — a  constantly  varying  territory.  At  first 
it  was  proposed  to  create  the  "  State  of  Kanawha,"  but  the  name  was  changed  in  Decem- 
ber, 18G1,  and  in  May,  1SG2,  a  State  constitution  was  ratified  by  the  people  and  the  leg- 
islature. Congress  gave  consent  on  Dec.  31, 1862,  to  the  admission  of  the  new  State  at 
the  end  of  the  year,  conditioned  upon  the  ratification  of  the  then  pending  amendment 
to  the  constitution  permitting  persons  of  African  descent  to  reside  within  the  State. 
The  amendment  was  ratified  March  20,  1803,  and  on  Juno  20  the  new  government  was 
inaugurated.  Wheeling  being  made  the  capital.     From  18T0  to  1875  the  seat  of  govern- 

43 


ment  was  at  Charleston,  but  in  the  last  named  year  it  was  again  transferred  to 
Wheeling,  where  it  is  to  remain  until  1884.  During  1861  there  were  a  number  of 
minor  engagements  between  the  Federal  and  Confederate  troops  in  West  Virginia, 
mostly  on  the  Maryland  and  Virginia  frontiers.  The  State  raised  in  all  32,068  troops' 
for  the  Federal  army,  and  after  1861  the  theatre  of  military  operations  was  changed  to 
Virginia  proper.      There  is  little  to  notice  in  the  subsequent  history  of  West  Viro-inia, 

STATE    OF    WEST  VIRGINIA. 


except  its  continued  advance  in  material  prosperity  and  population.  An  amended 
constitution  Avas  adopted  in  1872,  and  six  new  counties  have  been  added  to  the 
original  forty-eight,  making  fifty-four  at  this  time. 

1*02)1(7 ation.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  314,495;  Females,  303,962;  Native, 
600,192;  Foreign,  18,265;  White,  592,537;  Colored,  25,920,  including  5  Chinese,  and 
29  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

44 


STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


TopOffi'dplli/' — North  Carolina  is  about  450  miles  in  length 
east  and  west,  and  has  an  extreme  breadth  of  185  miles,  and  an 
area  of  52,250  square  miles,  or  33,440,000  acres.  The  west  is 
mountainous,  the  centre  hilly,  and  the  coast  lands  low  and 
swampy.  That  part  of  the  Allegheny  range  which  separates 
this  State  from  Tennessee  has  a  number  of  local  names.  The 
several  ridges  enclose  an  extensive  plateau,  having  a  general 
elevation  of  about  3,500  feet.  The  Black  mountains  in  the 
northwest  contain  Clingman's  Peak,  G,iJ40  feet,  and  Mount 
Mitchell,  (3,T32  feet.  In  the  Blue  Ridge  are  Sugar  mountain,  5,312  feet,  and  Grand- 
father mountain,  5,900  feet.  The  coast  line  extends  over  400  miles.  The  coast  proper 
is  deeply  indented,  and  contains  spacious  harbors  at  Wilmington,  Beaufort,  Edenton 
and  New  Berne.  Much  of  the  land  is  sandy,  but  more  of  it  is  fertile  and  abounds  in 
valuable  timber.  The  Great  Dismal  Swamp  extends  north  from  Albemarle  Sound  into 
Virginia,  and  covers  an  area  of  about  150,000  acres.  The  chief  river  is  the  Cape  Fear. 
The  Roanoke  and  Chowan  rise  in  Virginia,  and  empty  into  Albemarle  Sound.  The 
Tar  and  Neuse  have  their  sources  in  the  north,  and  flow  into  Pamlico  Sound.  The 
Yadkin  and  Catawba  become,  in  South  Carolina,  the  Great  Pee  Dee  and  the  Santee. 

CiUiiate. — The  climate  of  the  State  is  varied.  In  the  low  country  it  is  warm  and 
moist;  on  the  mountains,  cool  and  dry.  The  mean  annual  temperature  at  Asheville 
is  55°;  thatof  spring,  53°;  summer,  72"^;  autumn,  54°;  winter,  38°  Fahrenheit.  Frosts 
are  light,  and  seldom  occur  before  November,  while  wheat  is  harvested  in  June,  and  corn 
in  the  early  part  of  September.     The  annual  rainfall  averages  about  forty-six  inches. 

SistOi'ff. — In  the  year  1584  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  discovered  what  is  known  as 
North  Carolina,  and  explored  the  coast  for  some  distance.  In  honor  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth he  named  the  country  Virginia.  The  first  permanent  settlements  were  made  by  Vir- 
ginians in  the  north.  The  two  Carolinas  were  separated  in  1729,  prior  to  which  time 
what  is  now  North  Carolina  was  known  as  Albemarle.  In  1712  North  and  South 
Carolina  united  to  put  down  the  Tuscaroras,  and  in  1713  this  dangerous  and  powerful 
tribe  emigrated  to  the  northwest.  North  Carolina  claims  to  have  taken  the  initiative 
in  renouncing  allegiance  to  the  English  crown,  and  it  is  said  that  the  declaration  of 
independence  made  at  Mecklenburgh,  May,  1775,  was  the  first  attempt  to  renounce  the 
authority  of  Great  Britain.  In  May,  1875,  the  North  Carolinians  celebrated  the  centen- 
ary of  this  event.  In  December,  1776,  a  State  constitution  was  adopted  and  a  governor 
elected.  It  was  not  until  1780  that  active  military  operations  began  witliin  the 
State.  On  October  7  a  detachment  of  Cornwallis'  army  was  defeated  with  great 
loss  at  King's  Mountain.  On  March  15,  1781,  the  important  battle  of  Guilford 
Court  House  was  fought.  North  Carolina  ratified  the  constitution  of  the  United 
Slates  in  November,  1789.  An  ordinance  of  secession  was  adopted  in  convention 
on  May  21,  18(31,  and  the  Confederate  constitution  ratified.  The  forts  which  com- 
manded Wilmington  and  Beaufort,  the  United  States  arsenal  at  Fayetteville,  and 
the  mint  at  Charlotte,  were  seized  by  State  troops  during  the  last  days  of  April. 
In  August  following,  Forts  Hatteras  and  Clark,  which  commanded  the  entrance  to 
Pamlico  Sound,  were  captured  by  the  Federal  forces,  who  also  in  February,  1862, 
occupied  Roanoke  Island,  capturing  forty  guns  and  over  2,000  prisoners.  Within 
the  next  few  months  nearly  all  the  coast  towns,  excepting  Wilmington,  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  Union  troops.  In  April,  18G4,  the  Confederates  recaptured 
Plymouth,  but  in  October  it  was  again  taken  by  the  United  States  soldiers.  In 
December,  1864,  Fort  Fisher  was  bombarded  by  Admiral  Porter,  but  the  attack 
failed.  Another  attempt  in  January,  1805,  proved  successful,  and  Wilmington,  Kings- 
ton, Goldsboro,  Raleigh  and  other  important  points  were  occupied  in  rapid  succession. 
With  the  surrender  of  Gen.  Johnston's  army,  April  26,  hostilities  ceased.  The  work 
of  reconstruction  was  completed  in  1868,  l)y  the  admission  of  the  congressional  dele- 
gation. All  the  amendments  to  the  Federal  constitution  were  adopted  bv  March,  1869. 
ropnl at i on, —Cex^sus  of  1880:  Males,  687,908;  Females,  711,842;  Native, 
1,396,008;  Foreign,  3,742;  White,  867,242;  Colored,  532,508,  including  1  Japanese,  and 
1,230  Indians  and  Hall-breeds. 

45 


MAP    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


Topofjt'Cipliy, — South  Carolina  forms  an  irregular  triano-le, 
having  the  coast  line  for  its  base,  and  North  Carolina  and  Geor- 
gia fur  its  other  sides.  Its  extreme  length  east  and  west  is 
about  275  miles;  its  greatest  breadth  210  miles,  and  its  area  is 
about  30,570  scjuare  miles,  or  19,504,800  acres.  The  only 
mountains  are  those  of  the  extreme  northwest — the  Blue  Ridge. 
The  highest  peak  is  called  Table  Mountain,  and  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  4,000  feet.  The  coast  is  low;  the  country  stretchino- 
inward  for  100  miles  is  flat,  and  beyond  the  sand  hills  which 
traverse  what  is  known  as  the  "  middle  country  "  the  land  rises  abruptly,  continuing 
to  ascend  until  Table  Mountain  is  reached.  There  are  about  200  miles  of  coast  line  and 
several  good  harbors,  the  most  notable  being  those  of  Charleston  and  Port  Royal. 
Along  the  coast  are  many  small  islands  on  which  the  "sea  island  "  or  long  staple  cotton 
is  grown.  The  Savannah  river  forms  the  southwestern  boundary.  Other  important 
streams  are  the  Great  Pee  Dee,  the  Santee  and  Edisto;  the  first  named  being  navigable 
for  a  distance  of  about  150  miles  from  the  sea.  There  an;  also  many  smaller  rivers, 
and  the  State  is  well  supplied  with  water.  The  falls  of  the  Saluda  and  Table  Moun- 
tain are  among  the  most  noticeable  natural  features  of  the  State,  which  contains  much 
grand  and  picturesque  scenery  in  the  mountain  region. 

Climate. — The  temperature  ranges  from  15"-  to  95"  Fahrenheit,  and  the  mean 
of  the  different  seasons  is:  spring,  65*^;  summer,  80°;  autumn,  08'';  whiter,  51*';  the 
whole  year,  07°.  The  average  rainfall  is  from  forty-six  to  fifty  inches,  but  on  the 
Georgian  border  it  is  somewhat  less.  The  climate  is  generally  healthful  and  equable, 
and  aside  from  epidemics  of  yellow  fever  (usually  confined  to  the  seaports)  the  health  of 
the  State  is  good.  Frosts  seldom  occur,  and  Aiken  and  some  other  towns  have  become 
favorite  winter  resorts  for  consumptives  and  other  invalids  who  find  relief  in  the  dry 
and  mild  climate  of  that  region. 

IflStorf/. — The  earliest  settlers  within  the  limits  of  what  is  now  South  Carolina 
were  French  Huguenots,  a  number  of  whom  landed  at  Port  Royal  in  1502  and  at- 
tempted a  settlement,  which  was  soon  abandoned.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was 
made  in  1070  by  English  colonists  at  Port  Royal,  whence  they  soon  removed  to  the 
banks  of  the  Ashley  river.  Charleston  was  laid  out  ten  years  later,  and  immio-rants 
flocked  in  from  Germany,  Holland,  Switzerland  and  other  countries.  Carolina  was 
subject  to  the  proprietary  government  until  1729,  and  was  nominally  governed  under 
the  celebrated  and  utterly  impracticable  constitution  prepared  by  the  philosopher 
John  Locke.  The  two  Carolinas  were  separated  in  1729,  and  the  territory  divided  into 
two  royal  provinces.  During  the  Revolution  several  of  the  most  hotly  contested  bat- 
tles of  the  war  occurred  within  the  limits  of  South  Cart)lina.  The  British  held  the 
country  during  1780-81,  but  Gen.  Morgan  defeated  Col.  Tarleton  at  the  Cowpens,  and 
on  Se[)t.  8,  1781,  the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs  was  fought,  which  resulted  in  the  with- 
drawal of  the  invaders  to  Charleston,  which  they  held  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Among  those  Carolinians  whose  names  are  closely  connected  with  the  strui^gles  of  the 
Revolution,  are  Marion  and  Sumter.  A  State  constitution  was  adopted  on  March 
26,  1770,  nearly  four  months  before  the  declaration  of  independence  was  signed, 
and  South  Carolina  ratified  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  on  May  23,  1788. 
The  next  important  event  in  the  history  of  the  State  occurred  in  1832.  For  many 
years  preceding  this  date,  the  South  had  uniformly  opposed  the  imj)osition  of  hio-h 
tariff  duties.  A  convention  was  held  at  Columbia,  Nov.  19,  1832,  by  which  what  was 
known  as  the  "nullification  ordinance"  was  unanimously  adopted.  This  ordinance 
pronounced  the  tariff  "  null,  voitl,  and  no  law,  nor  binding  on  this  State,  its  ollicers 
and  citizens."  The  declaration  of  the  convention  was  indorsed  by  the  governor,  and 
by  the  legislature.  But  President  .Jackson  ordered  Gen.  Scott  to  Charleston  "  to  su- 
perintend the  safety  of  the  United  Statt^s  ports  in  that  vicinity,"  and  in  a  proclamation 
denounced  nullification  as  treason.  The  trouble  was  finally  settled  by  the  passa"-e  of 
the  compromise  tariff  law,  introduced  by  Henry  Clay.  South  Carolina  took  the  initia- 
tory steps  in  the  withdrawal  of  the  Southern  States  from  the  Union  in  18(il.  The 
ordinance  of  secession  was  adopted  Dec.  20,  and  commissioners  were  appointed  to  treat 
with  the  president  for   the  surrender  of  the  Federal  property   within   the  State,  and 

47 


others  to  confer  witli  representatives  of  the  Southern  States  as  to  the  formation  of  a 
confederacy.  On  the  S^th  Forts  JMouhrie  and  Pinckney  were  seized,  Major  Robt.  An- 
derson, with  a  handful  of  United  States  troops,  having'  withdrawn  to  Fort  Sumter,  in 
the  harbor  of  Charleston.  On  April  12,  13,  18G1,  occurred  the  bombardment  of  Sum- 
ter. Towards  the  end  of  the  year  Hilton  Head  and  Bay  Point  were  captured  by  the 
Federal  forces,  but  an  attempt  to  reduce  Charleston  in  18G3  proved  unsuccessful,  and 
it  was  not  until  Feb.  17,  1865,  that  this  city  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates.     No 

STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


great  battles  were  fought  in  South  Carolina,  but  Sherman  marched  tlirough  from 
Georo-ia  and  thoroughly  subdued  the  State.  In  September,  1865,  a  convention  held  at 
Columbia  repealed  the  ordinance  of  secession,  and  decreed  the  abolition  of  slavery. 
In  1868,  a  new  constitution  having  been  adopted  and  the  fourteenth  amendment  rati- 
fied, South  Carolina  was  readmitted  to  the  Union. 

I'ojnilation.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  490,408;  Females,  505,169;  Native, 
987,891;  Foreign,  7,686;  White,  391,105;  Colored,  604,472,  including  9  Chinese  and 
131  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

48 


STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 


TopOflVUJth  ]f . — The  extreme  length  of  the  State  nortli  and 
iith  is  '610  miles;  extreme  width,  254  miles;  area,  59,475 
|uare  miles,  or  38,064,000  acres.  The  surface  is  quite  diver- 
sified. In  the  north  are  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Etowah  mountains, 
with  other  spurs  of  the  Appalachian  range.  The  centre  consists 
(if  an  elevated  table  land,  which  gradually  diminishes  in  height 
until  the  low  and  swanii)y  country  near  the  coast  and  along  the 
Florida  border  is  reached.  In  the  southeast  corner  is  the  Oke- 
finokee  swamp,  a  series  of  marshes  having  a  circuit  of  over  150 
miles.  The  coast  extends  from  Tybee  Sound  southwest  to  Cumberland  Sound,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  100  miles,  but  owing  to  the  irregularities  and  indentations  the  shore  line 
is  nearly  five  times  that  length.  The  most  important  rivers  falling  into  the  Atlantic  are 
the  Savannah  and  Altamaha.  The  other  principal  rivers  are  the  Ogeechee,  Ocmulgee, 
Oconee,  Satilla,  Allajiaha,  Chattahoochee  and  Flint.  Many  of  the  rivers  of  the  mount- 
ain country  are  rapid  and  contain  picturescjue  cataracts.  Of  these  the  chief  are  the 
Falls  of  Tallulah,  in  Habersham  county,  and  Toccoa  Falls,  in  the  Tugaloo,  180  feet 
high;  Towaliga  Falls, in  Monroe  countj';  and  the  Amicolah  Falls,  which  have  a  descent, 
including  the  rapids  and  the  cataracts,  of  400  feet  in  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile. 

Clunflte. — In  the  north  the  summers  are  comparatively  cool  and  the  climate  is 
healthy,  but  in  the  southern  lowlands  the  heat  is  often  oppressive,  the  thermometer 
sometimes  reaching  110°  Fahrenheit.  The  winters  are  very  mild,  the  temperature 
seldom  falling  below  30°  Fahrenheit.  The  annual  mean  temjierature  at  Augusta  is 
about  03°,  and  at  Savannah  00",  and  the  rainfall  is  over  sixty  inches  per  annum.  The 
swamp  lands  of  the  southeast  are  uniiealthy,  and  malarious  fevers  prevail  at  certain 
seasons. 

Histovy, —  Georgia,  the  southernmost  of  the  original  thirteen  States,  was  the 
latest  of  them  settled  by  white  men.  It  was  named  after  George  II.,  who  June  9, 1T32, 
granted  the  territory  to  a  corporation  entitled  the  "Trustees  for  settling  the  colony  of 
Georgia."  Prior  to  this  time  it  was  nominalh^  included  in  the  Carolina  charter,  but 
was  also  claimed  by  Spain.  In  January,  1733,  Gen.  James  Edward  Oglethorjie,  with 
a  colony  of  120  ])ersons,  arrived  safely  at  Charleston,  and  early  in  the  spring  Savannah 
was  founded.  The  Spanish  war  occurred  in  1739^2.  In  1752  the  colonial  charter 
was  surrendered  and  Georgia  became  a  royal  province.  In  1755  a  general  assembly 
was  established.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution  the  Georgians  were  loyal  to 
the  patriot  cause,  and  suffered  greatly  during  the  war,  the  British  troops  capturing  Sa- 
vannah and  other  cities,  and  devastating  the  entire  country.  Augusta  and  Sun])ury 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  in  1779,  and  an  attempt  to  recapture  Savannah  in 
October  of  the  same  year  faih^d,  and  it  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  invaders  until  1782. 
Wars  with  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  followed,  but  in  1790  and  1791  treaties  of  peace 
were  concluded,  and  in  1802  the  Creeks  ceded  their  lands  in  the  southwest  to  the 
United  States.  Georgia  also  ceded  to  the  United  States  all  its  claims  to  lands  west  of 
the  existing  State  limits,  which  had  been  granted  under  the  English  charter.  The 
Cherokee  Indians  were  removed  to  the  Indian  Territory  in  1838,  and  thus  the  lands 
which  they  had  held  came  into  the  hands  of  the  government.  A  convention  met  at 
Milledgeville,  Jan.  16,  1801,  and  on  the  19th  passed  an  ordinance  of  secession.  In  the 
following  March  the  constitution  of  the  Confederate  States  was  ratified.  In  January 
the  State  authorities  seized  Fort  Pulaski  and  Fort  Jackson,  on  the  Savannah  river,  and 
the  United  States  arsenal  at  Augusta,  obtaining  about  seventy  cannon,  20,000  small 
arms,  and  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition  and  ordnance  stores.  Active  operations  were 
begun  by  the  Federals  in  November,  but  were  confined  to  the  coast,  Conmiodore 
Dupont  occupied  Big  Tybee  island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah,  and  bombarded 
Fort  Pulaski,  which  surrendered  in  April,  1802.  He  also  took  possession  of  Brunswick, 
Darien  and  other  points.  In  May,  1864,  Georgia  became  the  field  of  active  land  oper- 
ations. Atlanta  had  been  strongly  fortified,  and  it  was  not  evacuated  until  September 
1,. after  a  desperate  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  Confederates,  and  several  hard-fought 
struggles.  Sherman,  having  removed  the  inhabitants  and  destroyed  everything  of  value 
to  tiie  enemy,  left  Atlanta  November  15,  with  05,000  men,  and  began  his  famous  march 

49 


to  the  sea,  Milledgeville  was  reached  on  the  23d,  and  the  coast  on  December  10.  Fort 
McAllister  was  taken  by  storm  on  the  13tli,  and  on  the  nio;ht  of  the  20th  Savannah  was 
evacuated.  Thus  the  Confederacy  was  cut  in  half;  and  the  operations  of  Gen.  Wilson, 
who  entered  Georgia  from  Alabama,  in  April,  18G5,  took  Columbus,  West  Point  and 
Macon,  and  on  May  10  captured  Jeifer-on  Davis,  president  of  the  Confederacy,  at  Irwin- 
ville,  ended  the  war  in  this  section.  The  first  State  constitution  was  framed  in  1777,  a 
second  in  1789,  and  a  third  in  179S.    This  was  several  times  amended  and  was  superseded 

STATE    OF    GEORGIA. 


in  1SG8  Ijy  a  new  one.  In  1877  another  new  constitution  was  adopted.  The  process  of 
reconstruction  was  not  completed  until  1870.  In  that  year  the  Georgia  senators  and 
representatives  were  admitted  to  Congress,  all  the  amendments  having  been  previously 
ratified,  and  colored  men  declared  eligible  to  office  by  the  State  supreme  court. 

I^OjndaH on— Census  of  1880:  Males,  762,981;  Females,  779,199;  Native, 
1,531,016;  Foreign,  10,564;  White,  816,906;  Colored,  725,274,  including  17  Chinese, 
and  124  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 


50 


STATE  OF  FLORIDA. 


TojPOffvnjtli  ff. — Flf)rida  consists  df  a  peninsula  stretching 
soutli  lor  o-)(J  miles,  between  tlie  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, and  of  a  long,  narrow  strip  of  land  running  along  the  Gulf, 
to  a  distance  of  340  miles  from  the  Atlantic  coast  line.  The 
])eninsula  is  about  100  miles  in  width,  and  contains  nearly  four- 
fifths  of  the  total  area,  which  is  58,fJ80  square  miles,  or 
oT, 555, 200  acres.  On  all  sides  but  the  north,  the  sea  forms  the 
boundary,  and  the  State  has  1,140  miles  of  coast  line,  but  few 
good  harbors.  The  Keys  and  Tortugas  are  a  chain  of  small 
coral  islands  south  and  southwest  of  the  point  of  the  peninsula.  The  most  important 
of  these  is  Key  West,  where  a  naval  station  has  been  established,  and  where  there  is 
a  good  harbor.  The  northern  division  of  the  State  is  generally  flat  and  uninteresting; 
in  the  centre  are  many  patches  of  higher  ground,  which  are  extremely  fertile;  and 
south  of  latitude  28°  the  everglades  begin.  Florida  is  well  watered  and  has  a  number 
of  navigable  rivers,  the  principal  ones  being  the  St.  John's,  Appalachicola,  Perdido, 
Charlotte  and  Suwanee.  Owing  to  the  slight  elevation  of  the  surface,  which  is  in  no 
place  more  than  250  feet  above  the  sea,  the  rivers  are  sluggish,  and  in  several  instances 
expand  into  wide  lagoons  and  lakes.  The  northern  division  is  of  limestone  formation, 
and  what  is  known  as  the  "Back-bone  Ridge,"  an  elevation  of  150  to  175  feet,  runs 
down  the  centre  of  the  peninsula,  as  far  south  as  Charlotte  Harbor.  This  elevation  is 
about  fifty  miles  in  width,  and  from  its  base  the  land  slopes  gradually  east  and  west, 
until  near  the  sea  it  is  but  a  few  feet  above  tide-water.  The  southern  part  is  of  a  recent 
coral  formation,  similar  to  that  of  the  Keys,  and  the  process  of  growth  is  still  going  on. 
Clinillte. — The  climate  of  this  State  is  excellent.  Frosts  are  rare  in  the  north, 
and  unknown  in  the  south,  and  snow  never  falls.  The  average  temperature  is  about 
72°  Fahrenheit;  the  thermometer  rarely  falling  below  30°  or  rising  above  90°,  while 
at  Key  West  the  difference  between  summer  and  winter  temperature  does  not  exceed 
15°.  The  atmosphere  is  generally  dry  anil  clear,  and  most  of  the  rainfall,  which  is 
about  fifty-four  inches  per  annum,  is  in  the  summer  months.  Invalids,  and  especially 
those  afflicted  with  pulmonary  complaints,  resort  to  Florida  in  large  numbers,  and  with 
beneficial  results. 

mstory. — Although  Florida  has  belonged  to  the  Union  little  more  than  fifty 
years,  its  settlement  by  white  men  dates  back  beyond  that  of  New  England,  and  the 
quaint  old  buildings  and  forts  of  St.  Augustine  are  among  the  oldest  structures  on  the 
continent.  Ponce  de  Leon  visited  Florida  in  search  of  the  fabled  fountain  of  eternal 
youth  in  1513,  and  in  1526  Charles  V.  of  Spain  granted  to  Pamfilo  de  Narvaez  all  the 
territory  from  Cape  Florida  to  the  Rio  Panuco.  The  armed  expeditions  of  the  Spaniards 
met  with  much  opposition  from  the  Indians,  who  were  fierce  and  warlike,  but  in  15H5 
the  invaders  built  a  fort  at  St.  Augustine,  which  they  held  until  158G,  when  it  was  cap- 
tured l)y  Sir  Francis  Drake.  Many  French  Protestants,  driven  from  their  homes  by 
religious  persecution,  settled  in  Florida  in  1560-70,  and  conflicts  between  them  and 
the  Spaniards  were  frequent.  England  took  nominal  possession  of  the  northern  coast 
in  1584,  and  for  a  hundred  years  following  the  records  of  Florida  are  bare  of  interest. 
In  1763  Spain  ceded  the  whole  territory  to  Great  Britain,  in  exchange  for  Cuba,  which 
the  British  had  captured,  but,  twenty  years  later,  it  was  retroceded  to  Spain.  Frontier 
wars  and  battles  l)etween  the  Carolinians  and  Georgians  and  the  Spanish  troops,  were 
frequent  during  the  eighteenth  century.  The  United  States  government  occupied  the 
principal  posts  in  Florida  west  of  the  Perdido  river  in  1811,  and  Gen.  Jackson  captured 
Pensacola  during  the  second  war  with  England.  In  1819  the  whole  province  was 
ceded  to  the  United  States,  and  a  considerable  increase  in  population  followed.  The 
war  with  the  Seminoles,  one  of  the  hardest  tribes  to  master  that  the  American  army 
ever  fought  with,  was  protracted  for  many  years,  1835-42  being  the  period  of  greatest 
troul)le,  although  the  difficulties  were  not  finally  overcome  until  1858,  when  the  last  of 
the  hostile  Indians  were  removed  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Florida  was  admitted  as  a 
State  March  3,  1845,  having  been  organized  as  a  Territory  March  30,  1822.  On  Jan. 
10,  18(;i,  it  formally  seceded  from  the  Union,  and  the  State  authorities  seized  many  of 
the  forts  and  arsenals.     These  were  captured  by  the  Union  forces  in  the  following 

.51 


year,  and  held  until  the  close  of  the  war,  A  provisional  governor  was  appointed  in 
18G5,  and  the  ordinance  of  secession  was  repealed  in  the  same  year  by  a  State  conven- 
tion held  at  Tallahassee.  The  State  was  made  a  part  of  the  third  military  district  in 
18()7,  and  on  July  4, 1SG8 — a  new  constitution  having-  in  the  mean  time  been  adopted, 


STATE    OF    FLORIDA. 


officers  elected,  and  the  constitutional  amendments  ratified— Florida  was  aoain  admitted 
to  membership  m  the  Union.  Considerable  attention  has  been  directecT  to  the  State 
ot  late  years,  and  the  immigration  of  Northern  people  has  been  large. 
o-A  _-f.^/^^^^«^*On.— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  136,444;  Females,  133,049;  Native, 
2o9,o84;  Foreign,  9,909;  White,  143,605;  Colored,  126,888,  including  18  C)iinese,and 
ISO  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

52 


STATE  OF  OHIO. 

TopOffVnplu/, — The  greatest  length  of  Ohio  east  and  west 
is  'Z'Zb  miles;  greatest  breadth,  *200  miles;  area,  41,0G0  square 
miles,  or  20,278,400  acres.  Kelley's  Island  and  the  Bass  islands 
in  Lake  Erie,  north  of  Sandusky,  belong  to  Ohio.  The  great 
divide  which  forms  the  wator-shed  passes  diagonally  across  the 
State  from  Trumbull  county  in  the  northeast  to  Mercer  and 
Darke  counties  in  the  west,  and  has  a  general  elevation  of  about 
1,200  feet  above  the  sea  level,  rising  to  1,500  feet  in  Logan 
county.  The  surface  slopes  gradually  from  the  divide  north 
and  west  to  Lake  Erie,  which  is  5(i5  feet  above  the  sea,  and  southwest  to  the  Ohio 
river,  which  at  Cincinnati  is  about  430  feet  above  sea  level.  The  Ohio  is  the  princi- 
pal river,  and  has  a  course  of  4o0  miles  on  the  southern  and  eastern  border.  It 
flows  through  a  lovely  valley,  with  wooded  hills  rising  from  it  to  a  height  of  500  to 
600  feet,  and  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  American  streams.  The  Muskingum, 
Scioto,  Hockhocking,  Mahoning,  and  Great  and  Little  Miami  are  the  next  in  impor- 
tance, and  all  flow  south  into  the  Ohio.  There  are  no  especially  striking  natural  fea- 
tures in  the  State,  but  the  river  valleys  present  some  beautiful  scenery.  On  the  north 
there  are  smaller  streams,  such  as  the  Cuyahoga,  Vermillion,  Huron,  Chagrin,  Rocky, 
Black,  Portage,  Sandusky  and  Maumee,  which  drain  into  Lake  Erie. 

Clunale. — The  mean  annual  temperature  is  from  50°  to  54'^  Fahrenheit,  the 
warmest  section  being  the  southwest  along  the  Ohio  river.  The  climate  is,  as  a  rule, 
mild,  but  the  changes  of  temperature  are  often  sudden.  Considerable  snow  some- 
times falls  in  the  north,  but  not  in  quantities  to  interfere  with  communication,  or  to 
do  any  damage  to  the  crops.  The  mean  annual  precipitation  of  rain  and  melted  snow 
varies  from  thirty-six  inches  on  the  Lake  Erie  shore  to  forty-seven  inches  in  the  ex- 
treme south. 

History. — The  territory  now  included  in  the  State  of  Ohio  was  first  explored 
by  La  Salle  in  1079.  The  French  claimed  the  country,  and  repelled  by  force  of  arms 
the  counter-claim  of  the  English-speaking  settlers,  who  held  under  grants  from  King 
George.  It  was  not  until  1703  that  the  dispute  was  settled,  when  by  the  provisions 
of  the  treatv  of  Paris  the  title  vested  in  Great  Britain,  which  retained  at  least  a  nom- 
inal possession  until  1784,  when  it  passed  to  the  United  States.  Prior  to  this  time  the 
State  of  Virginia  had  claimed  title,  not  only  to  Ohio  but  to  the  entire  northwest,  while 
New  York,  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  demanded  a  share,  claiming  possession 
under  old  charters  granted  by  the  British  crown.  The  difliculties  were  adjusted  in 
1784-80.  A  few  settlements  were  made  on  the  Muskingum  by  Moravian  missionaries 
between  1702  and  1780,  and  in  1700-61  Major  Rogers  crossed  overland  from  Sandusky 
to  Fort  Pitt  (now  Pittsburgh),  with  about  200  troops.  In  1781  the  Moravians  were 
forcil)ly  removed  to  Sandusky  by  the  British.  The  expedition  of  Colonel  Bouquet 
in  1704  was  the  most  important"  military  movement  made  on  Ohio  soil  prior  to  the 
Revolution.  In  1774  occurred  the  "  Dunmore  war,"  and  the  battle  on  the  Scioto  be- 
tween Gen.  Lewis  and  "Cornstalk's"  warriors,  in  which  the  latter  were  defeated  with 
great  loss.  The  successful  expedition  of  Col.  George  Rogers  Clarke,  of  Kentucky, 
against  the  Indians  along  the  Miami  river  took  place  in  1782.  Marietta  was  founded 
in  1788.  In  171)4  occurred  Gen.  Wayne's  great  victory  over  the  Miamis.  Ohio  was 
included  in  the  "Northwest  Territory"  until  May  7,  1800,  when  it  was  erected  into  a 
separate  Territory,  and  April  30,  1802,  it  became  a  State.  The  seat  of  government 
was  at  Chillicotho  from  1800  to  1810,  then  for  two  years  at  Zanesville,  and  again  from 
1812  to  1810  at  Chillicothe;  Columbus  becoming  the  capital  in  1810.  ^The  original 
State  constitution  was  revised  in  1851.  Cincinnati  was  founded  in  1789,  and  soon 
became  an  important  shipping  point.  By  the  year  1820  Ohio  had  reached  the  fifth 
place  in  the  sisterhood  of  States,  and  at  the  census  of  1880  was  found  to  rank  third  in 
population.  In  the  Civil  war  the  State  enthusiastically  supported  the  government,  and 
contri])uted  in  all  313,180  troops  to  the  Federal  armies. 

I'opillat ion. —Census  of  1880  :  Males,  1,013,930;  Females,  1,584,120;  Native, 
2,803,119;  Foreign,  394,943;  White,  3,117,920;  Colored,  80,142,  including  109  Chi- 
nese, 3  Japanese,  and  130  Indians. 

53 


M  A^  P     OK 


.^ 


STATE  OF  INDIANA. 


TojtOgi^aph }/ . — The  surface  of  Indiana  is  extremely  level, 
and  it  lias  no  mountains  or  even  hills  of  any  size.  At  least 
two-thirds  of  the  State  consists  of  level  or  undulating  land, 
and  it  is  only  along  the  river  valleys  that  the  landscape  is 
diversified  and  relieved  by  bluffs  and  hills.  Along  the  Ohio, 
which  forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State,  these  hills  at- 
tain a  height  of  200  to  300  feet.  The  land  slopes  grad- 
ually from  north  and  northeast  to  the  southwest,  and  the  lowest 
point  is  found  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  Wabash.  The  rivers  mostly 
run  southwest  and  empty  into  the  Ohio.  The  Wabash,  Kankakee,  White,  Maumee 
and  other  less  important  streams  furnish  an  ample  supply  of  water  power.  The 
State  has  a  shore  line  of  forty  miles  on  Lake  Michigan,  extending  from  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Calumet  to  a  point  a  few  miles  north  of  Michigan  City,  which  is 
the  only  lake  port  in  Indiana.  The  country  near  the  lake  is  sandy  and  low,  except  at 
Michigan  City,  where  there  are  extensive  hills  of  sand. 

ClilllClte, — The  climate  is  somewhat  variable,  especially  in  the  winter,  when  the 
winds  are  from  the  north  and  northwest.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is  52°; 
that  of  winter,  31°;  spring,  51°;  summer,  7(5°;  and  autumn,  55'-';  and  the  average  rain- 
fall is  about  thirty-eight  inches.  Indiana  is  well  suited  for  agriculture,  and  the  fruit  trees 
blossom  in  March  and  the  beginning   of  April. 

HistOVy. — The  State  of  Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union  on  Dec.  11,  1816, 
and  was  the  sixth  State  to  come  in  under  the  Federal  constitution.  The  earliest 
settlements  were  made  in  1702,  by  French  Canadians  at  Fort  St.  Vincents,  now  Vin- 
cennes,  and  other  river  points.  The  country  was  nominally  under  French  rule  until  1763, 
when  it  passed  under  the  control  of  the  British.  In  1776  Col.  George  Rogers  Clarke,  at 
the  head  of  a  body  of  Virginia  volunteers,  captured  the  fort  of  Vincennes,  and  for  several 
years  following  Virginia  claimed  jurisdiction.  That  State  ceded  her  western  and 
northwestern  possessions,  including  Indiana,  to  the  United  States  in  1783,  and  four 
years  later  they  were  organized  as  the  "  Northwest  Territory."  The  settlements  wer^ 
greatly  disturbed  by  Indian  wars  during  1788-91,  and  in  the  latter  year  Gen. 
Wilkinson  and  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  defeated  the  confederated  tribes  and  compelled 
them  to  submit.  A  treaty  was  made  at  Greenville  in  1795,  by  virtue  of  which 
the  United  States  came  into  possession  of  a  large  quantity  of  valuable  land,  and 
from  this  time  the  settlements  were  pushed  vigorously.  Ohio  was  cut  off  from 
the  Territory  in  May,  1800,  when  all  the  country  west  and  north  was  included 
in  the  new  "  Territory  of  Indiana."  Michigan  was  set  off  as  a  separate  Territory 
in  1805,  and  Illinois  in  1809,  leaving  Indiana  with  its  present  boundaries.  A 
destructive  and  general  war  broke  out  in  1811,  when  Tecumseh,  chief  of  the 
Shawnees,  ravaged  the  country.  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison,  then  governor, 
took  command  of  a  few  regulars  and  some  militia,  and  defeated  Tecumseh  with  great 
slaughter  on  the  historic  battle-ground  of  Tippecanoe.  This  virtually  ended  the  In- 
dian hostilities  until  the  war  of  1812-15,  after  which  date  the  settlers  were  no  longer 
molested  by  the  Indians.  The  Territorial  legislature  petitioned  Congress  in  1815  for 
admission  to  the  Union;  a  State  constitution  was  adopted  June  29,  1816;  and  the 
State  was  admitted  on  December  11  of  that  year.  From  this  date  immigration  increased 
rapidly,  and  in  1830  the  population  was  343,031.  Railroads  and  canal  improvements 
were  projected,  and  bonds  were  issued  with  great  liberality  in  aid  of  them.  The  finan- 
cial revulsion  of  1837  pricked  the  bubble  of  inflation,  and  from  that  year  until  1846 
the  State  groaned  under  a  heavy  burden  of  debt,  on  which  she  could  not  even  pay  the 
interest.  Better  times  followed  when  the  State  debt  had  been  consolidated  and  a  free 
banking  law  adopted,  and  the  country  became  once  more  prosperous.  The  popula- 
tion doubled  between  1830  and  1840,  and  doubled  again  in  the  next  twenty  years.  A 
new  constitution  was  adopted  in  1851;  an  attempt  to  revise  it  in  1859  failed.  In 
March,  1881,  amendments  were  adopted.  Indiana  contributed  five  regiments  to  the 
Federal  forces  during  the  Mexican  war.  When  the  Civil  war  began,  in  April,  1861, 
the  volunteering  was  general,  and  30,000  men  offered  for  the  three-months  service. 
Only  six  regiments  could  be  accepted,  and  these  were  numbered  from  the  sixth  to  the 

66 


eleventh  infantry  inclusive.  An  arsenal  was  established  at  Indianapolis,  from  which 
large  quantities  of  munitions  of  war  were  issued.  The  full  (juota  of  men  for  the  State 
under  the  call  for  300,000  in  1863  was  filled,  and  during  the  excitement  consequent 
upon  the  Morgan  raids  into  Kentucky,  thousands  of  Indiana  troops  poured  into  that 
State,  and  a  large  body  of  militia  was  raised  for  home  defense.     The  total  number 


STATE    OF    1XDIA]SA. 


of  regiments  raised   was  ninety-eight  of  infantry  and  cavalry  and  twenty-seven  bat- 
teries of  artillery,  numbering  in  all  190,363  officers  and  men. 

I^OJ}ilfatiotl.—Ciusus  of  1880:  Males,  1,010,361;  Females,  967,940;  Native, 
1,834,1:>3;  Foreign,  144,178;  White,  1,938,798;  Colored,  39,503,  including  29  Chinese, 
and  246  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

57 


ss? 


il  A  Ir"    OF 


ILLTTSrOI'^ 


^. 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


TopOffVdJjIiy. — Illinois  has  been  very  appropriately  called 
the  "  Prairie  State."  Next  after  I^ouisiana  and  Delaware  it  is 
the  most  level  State  in  the  Union,  and  fully  one-third  of  its 
whole  area  is  composed  of  high,  level,  grassy  plains.  The  av- 
erage elevation  of  these  above  tide-water  is  not  over  500  feet. 
At  Cairo,  the  extreme  southern  angle  of  the  State,  the  elevation 
of  the  land  is  only  340  or  350  feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico; 
and  at  Chicago,  in  the  northeastern  section,  the  elevation  of  the 
business  portion  of  the  city  is  only  592  feet  above  the  sea-level. 
The  hio-hest  land  in  the  State  is  in  the  northwestern  corner,  where,  between  Freeport 
and  Galena,  the  extreme  elevation  is  1,150  feet  above  the  sea.  Its  extreme  length 
north  and  south  is  385  miles;  extreme  width  east  and  west,  218  miles.  The  Wabash, 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  form  part  of  the  eastern  and  southern  and  all  of  the  west- 
ern boundary  lines,  thus  giving  the  State  immense  frontage  on  navigable  waters. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  generally  salubrious.  The  upland  prairies  are  almost 
entirely  free  from  endemic  diseases,  and  the  death  rate  in  the  cities  is  low.  The  mean 
annual  temperature  on  the  40th  parallel  is  about  54°,  that  of  summer  77°,  and  of 
winter  o3^°  Fahrenheit.  Vegetation  begins  with  April,  and  the  first  killing  frosts 
occur  about  the  end  of  September.  The  summer  heat  is  greatly  modified  by  the  ever- 
present  breezes,  and  the  climate  is  generally  favorable  for  outdoor  occupations. 

JliSfori/. — Illinois,  with  its  present  State  boundaries,  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  Dec.  3,  1818,  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  April  18  of  that  year,  at  which  time  it 
contained  a  population  of  40,000.  The  territory  now  included  in  Illinois  had,  prior  to 
this  time,  undergone  many  vicissitudes  of  government.  It  was  first  discovered  on 
•lune  20, 1673,  by  Marquette  and  Joliet.  Its  first  permanent  occupation  by  white  men 
was  in  1682,  when  a  Jesuit  mission  was  established  near  what  is  now  Kaskaskia.  Illi- 
nois formed  a  part  of  the  Territory  of  Louisiana  and  was  first  governed  by  the  French; 
but  in  1765,  by  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  Paris,  ratified  in  1763,  it  came  under  British 
authority.  A  stirring  incident  of  the  Revolutionary  war  was  the  capture  of  the  British 
posts  of  Vincennes  and  Kaskaskia  on  July  4,  1778,  by  Col.  George  Rogers  Clarke,  of 
Virginia,  and  for  six  years  following  Illinois  and  Indiana  were  under  the  nominal  con- 
trol of  the  State  of  Virginia.  In  1784  Virginia  ceded  all  her  rights  over  the  territory 
northwest  of  the  Ohio  and  east  of  the  Mississippi,  which  in  1778  had  been  denominated 
the  "  County  of  Illinois,"  to  the  United  States;  and  in  1787,  by  act  of  Congress 
adopted  July  13,  this  was  entitled  "The  Northwest  Territory."  In  1800  this  was 
subdivided,  and  what  is  now  Illinois  formed  a  part  of  the  "  Indiana  Territory,"  which 
included  also  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  part  of  Minnesota,  and  Indiana;  and,  after  the 
purchase  of  Louisiana  from  the  French  in  1803,  the  vast  unknown  regions  west  of  the 
Mississippi.  Illinois  Territory  was  formed  in  1809.  The  first  State  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1818,  a  second  in  1848,  and  the  present  one  Aug.  8, 1870.  Like  all  frontier 
States  Illinois  had  much  trouble  with  the  Indians.  Her  early  history  is  full  of  thrilling 
accounts  of  conflicts  between  the  settlers  and  the  red  men,  and  notable  among  these  are 
the  terrible  massacre  at  Fort  Dearborn  (Chicago)  in  1812,  by  the  Pottawatomies,  and 
the  Black  Hawk  war  in  1831-32.  The  troubles  with  the  Mormons  occurred  in  1839-44, 
and  in  the  latter  year  they  were  driven  from  the  State.  During  the  Mexican  war 
Illinois  raised  six  regiments  for  service  in  the  field,  and  when  hostilities  broke  out 
between  the  North  and  the  South  her  sons  again  went  to  the  front.  Under  President 
Lincoln's  first  call  for  75,000  volunteers,  the  quota  of  Illinois  was  6,000,  and  within  ten 
days  after  the  proclamation  of  Gov.  Yates,  on  April  15,  1861,  10,000  men  had  volun- 
teered. From  this  time  on  the  State  furnished  in  all  259,092  men  to  the  Union  army. 
When  the  president  called  for  volunteers  after  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Illinois  tendered 
thirteen  regiments  of  infantry  and  three  of  cavalry  as  a  part  of  her  anticipated  quota. 
Of  the  Illinois  soldiers  there  were  killed  in  action,  5,888;  died  of  wounds,  3,032;  died 
of  disease,  19,496;  died  in  prison,  967;  lost  at  sea,  205;  aggregate,  29,588. 

Popwiafion.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  1,586,523;  Females,  1,491,348;  Native, 
2,494,295;  Foreign,  5S3.576;  White,  3,031,151;  Colored,  47,620,  including  209  Chinese, 
3  .Japanese,  and  140  Indians. 

60 


STATE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Toi}Of/rfl2)7iy.—}>i.u:\ngiu\  consists  (jf  two  poi)insulas,  known 
as  the  Upper  and  the  Lower,  and  of  a  number  of  islands  in  Lake 
Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.  The  total  area  is  58,915  square 
miles,  or  37,705,600  acres.  The  two  divisions  of  the  State  are 
dissimilar  in  character  and  configuration.  The  Lower  Penin- 
sula consists  of  plains  and  table  land  with  occasional  prairie  and 
much  timber,  while  the  Upper  is  rugged  and  rocky,  broken  up 
by  hills,  which  in  the  western  portion  rise  to  the  height  of 
2,000  feet.  The  length  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  from  north  to 
south  is  277  miles;  its  greatest  breadth  east  and  west,  259  miles.  Saginaw  and  Thun- 
der Bays  on  Lake  Huron,  and  Grand  and  Little  Traverse  Bays  on  Lake  Michigan, 
form  natural  harbors  of  great  size.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  but  there  are  some 
irregular  hills  in  the  south,  and  the  bluffs  and  sand  hills  bordering  on  Lake  Michigan 
are  from  100  to  300  feet  high.  The  Upper  Peninsula  is  318  miles  in  length  from  east 
to  west,  and  from  thirty  to  104  miles  in  width.  The  western  portion  of  the  peninsula 
is  largely  given  up  to  mining,  but  in  the  east  farming  is  attended  with  the  most  fa- 
vorable results.  The  total  length  of  the  lake  shore  is  1,020  miles,  exclusive  of  the 
frequent  bays  and  inlets,  and  the  State  contains  numerous  rivers  and  small  lakes.  The 
principal  islands  are  Isle  Royale  and  Grand  Island,  in  Lake  Superior;  Marquette, 
Mackinaw  and  Bois  Blanc,  in  Lake  Huron,  and  the  Beaver,  Fox  and  Manitou  groups 
in  the  northern  part  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Climate. — Michigan  is  a  State  of  great  climatic  differences.  The  climate  of 
the  southern  portion  is  comparatively  mild,  but  that  of  the  northern  is  cold  and  rigor- 
ous in  winter.  The  mean  annual  temperature  at  Detroit  for  nineteen  years  was  47.25° 
Fahrenheit,  and  at  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  40.37°;  a  difference  of  7"".  The  peach  or- 
chards and  vinovards  along  the  entire  fruit  belt  from  St.  Joseph  to  Grand  Traverse 
Bay,  prove  that  the  climate  is  not  so  severe  as  to  interfere  with  fruit  raising.  The 
average  annual  rainfall  at  Detroit  is  30.07  inches,  and  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  31.35  inches. 
The  mean  summer  temperature  at  the  two  points  named  was  67.60°  and  62°  respect- 
ively. At  Marquette,  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  the  annual  mean  was  38.3°,  and  the 
average  rainfall  23.46  inches.     The  climate  is  healthy,  and  the  death-rate  low. 

History. — Michigan  was  the  thirteenth  State  admitted  into  the  Union  under 
the  Federal  constitution,  and  came  in  by  virtue  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  Jan.  26,  1837. 
The  first  white  settlement  within  the  limits  of  Michigan  was  made  by  Father 
Marquette,  who  in  1668  founded  a  mission  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  Three  years  later 
Fort  Michilimackinac  (now  Mackinaw)  was  established  by  the  French.  Detroit  was 
founded  in  1701,  and  the  whole  territory  was  nominally  under  the  jurisdiction  of  France 
until  1763,  when  Great  Britain  assumed  control  of  all  the  French  possessions.  This 
was  followed  by  the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac.  Detroit  was  besieged  and  the  garrison  at 
Fort  Mackinaw  were  slaughtered.  At  the  close  of  the  war  of  Independence  the  terri- 
tory passed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Virginia,  and  on  July  13,  1787,  it  became  apart 
of  the  "Northwest  Territory,"  then  created  by  ordinance.  In  1805  the  Territory  of 
Michigan  was  created,  with  Detroit  as  the  seat  of  government.  The  boundaries  were 
not  those  of  the  present  State;  it  at  one  time  extended  westward  to  the  Missouri  river, 
and  did  not  include  the  Upper  Peninsula,  which  was  incorporated  with  the  State  in 
1837,  in  place  of  disputed  ground.  Michigan  bore  the  brunt  of  the  war  of  1812-14. 
The  British  troops  captured  Mackinaw  and  Frenchtown,  and  devastated  the  country 
generally,  with  the  help  of  their  Indian  allies.  They  were  finally  driven  out  by  Gen- 
eral (afterwards  President)  Harrison,  and  in  1814  a  treaty  was  made  with  the  Indians. 
What  is  now  Wisconsin  was  annexed  to  the  Territory  in  1818  and  1834,  and  was 
formed  into  Wisconsin  Territory  in  1836.  The  first  State  constitution  was  adopted  in 
1836,  and  by  a  legislative  act  of  March  16, 1847,  the  capital  was  transferred  to  Lansing, 
in  Ingham  county.  A  new  constitution  was  adopted  in  1850,  which,  with  subsequent 
amendments,  is  now  in  force.  Michigan  contributed  87,364  men  to  the  Union  armies 
during  the  Civil  war. 

roj)lilat i07l.— Censiyf^   of  1880  :  Males,  862,355;  Females,  774,582;  Native, 
1,248,429;  Foreign,  388,508;  White,  1,614,560;  Colored,  22,377,  including  27  Chinese, 
1  Japanese,  7,249  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 
^  61 


^i 


AI    VF      Ot 


MICHIGAN 


c  »    0      0    JL 


r 


r       i: 


H 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


Tojyogvuphy . — The  scenery  of  Wisconsin  is  more  diversi- 
fied than  that  of  the  States  contiguous  to  it,  althouo;h  its  gei  • 
eral  character  is  that  of  a  large  plain.  The  plain  is  from  600  to 
1,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  highest  lands  being 
'  those  at  the  sources  of  the  rivers  tributary  to  Lake  Superior, 
which,  near  the  Montreal  river,  are  1,700  feet  above  the  ocean. 
The  Mississippi,  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers  have  a  considerable 
descent  while  passing  through  or  along  the  boundary  of  the 
State,  thus  furnishing  valuable  water  power  for  mechanical 
purposes.  In  the  southwest  part  of  the  State  there  are  a  number  of  elevations 
known  as  "  mounds,"  ranging  from  1,200  to  1,700  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and 
the  cliffs  on  the  east  shores  of  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Winnebago  form  a  bold  and  com- 
manding ridge,  from  which  there  is  a  gradual  slope  to  Lake  Michigan,  589  feet  above 
the  sea.  Besides  the  great  lakes — Superior  on  the  north,  and  Michigan  on  the  east — 
there  are  numerous  bodies  of  water  in  the  central  and  northern  parts  of  the  State. 
These  lakes  are  from  five  to  thirty  miles  in  extent,  with  high,  picturesque  banks,  and 
as  a  rule,  deep  water.  From  these  many  rivers  take  their  rise,  a  number  having 
beautiful  cascades  or  rapids,  and  flowing  through  narrow,  rocky  gorges,  or  "dells," 
the  scenery  of  which  has  become  famous.  Wisconsin  has  an  endless  variety  of  beautiful 
scenery.  The  four  lakes  which  surround  Madison;  the  Dells,  near  Kilbourn  City;  the 
wierd  beauty  of  Devil's  Lake,  which  in  the  mystery  of  its  origin  rivals  Lake  Tahoe; 
and  the  calm  peace  which  reigns  at  Geneva  Lake,  all  possess  attractions  for  summer 
tourists.  The  greatest  length  of  Wisconsin  north  and  south  is  300  miles;  greatest 
breadth  east  and  west,  2G0  miles;  area,  50,040  square  miles,  or  35,865,600  acres. 

Clintllte, — Although  W^isconsin  is  far  north,  the  cold  of  winter  is  tempered  by 
the  vicinity  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  excessive  heat  of  the  short  summers  is  modi- 
fied by  the  breezes  from  that  body  of  water  and  from  Lake  Superior.  The  mean 
annual  temperature  of  the  southern  section  is  46''  Fahrenheit;  that  of  winter,  20°;  of 
spring  and  autumn,  47";  and  of  summer,  72".  The  winters  are  uniform,  with  heavy 
snows  in  the  north  preceding  the  hard  frosts,  and  in  the  south  snow  often  falls  to  a 
depth  of  eighteen  inches.  Spring  is  backward,  summer  short  and  hot,  and  the  autumn 
mild  and  pleasant.  The  northern  part  of  Lake  Michigan  is  frozen  over  most  wnnters, 
but  the  ice  never  extends  so  far  south  as  Milwaukee.  The  Milwaukee  river  is  frozen 
up  from  the  end  of  November  to  about  the  middle  of  March,  or  an  average  of  100 
days.  The  prevailing  winds  in  autumn  and  winter  are  from  the  west,  in  summer  from 
the  southwest,  and  in  spring  from  the  northeast,  and  the  climate  is  healthful  and  invig- 
orating. The  annual  quantity  of  rain  and  melted  snow  averages  about  thirty-two 
inches. 

HiHtovy. — Wisconsin  came  into  the  Union  under  an  act  of  Congress  of  May 
29,  1848,  and  was  the  seventeenth  State  admitted  under  the  Federal  constitution. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  the  French  at  Green  Bay  in  1669.  In  the  year  1836 
the  Territory  of  Wisconsin  was  formed  out  of  lands  then  embraced  within  the  Terri- 
tory of  Michigan.  All  the  existing  States  of  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  a  great 
part  of  the  Territory  of  Dakota,  were  included  in  Wisconsin  Territory  until  1838. 
The  first  Territorial  government  was  organized  at  Mineral  Point,  in  July,  1836,  and 
the  first  Territorial  legislature  met  at  Belmont,  in  September  of  that  year,  when 
the  population  was  less  than  12,000.  In  November,  1838,  the  legislature  met  at 
Madison,  which  had  been  selected  as  the  seat  of  government,  which  it  still  is.  The 
first  attempt  to  procure  admission  to  the  Union  was  made  in  1846,  when  Congress 
passed  an  enabling  act.  In  1848  a  State  constitution  was  adopted  and  it  was  admitted 
into  the  Union.  Amendments  to  the  constitution  have  been  adopted  from  time  to 
time,  but  the  original  organic  law  is  still  in  force.  The  number  of  troops  furnished 
to  the  Federal  army  during  the  Civil  war  was  91,327;  there  being  fifty-three  regiments 
of  infantry,  five  of  cavalry,  thirteen  batteries  of  light  artillery  and  one  regiment  of 
heavy  artillery. 

I*opnlation.— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  680,069;  Females,  635,428;  Native, 
910,072;  Foreign,  405,425;  White,  1,309,618;  Colored,  5,879,  including  16  Chinese, 
and  3,161  Indians  and  Half-breec  3. 

64 


MAP    OF    WISCONSIN. 


STATE  OF  MINNESOTA. 


TopOff  Vd ph  y . — Minnesota  occupies  nearly  the  centre  of  tke 
continent  of  North  America.  The  surface  of  the  State  is  an 
undulating  plain  with  an  average  elevation  of  1,000  feet  above 
I  the  sea,  but  in  the  northeast  there  is  a  group  of  low  sand  hills 
known  as  the  "  Hauteurs  des  Terres,"  or  "  Heights  of  Land," 
which  rise  about  600  feet  higher.  Its  extreme  length  north  and 
south  is  380  miles,  and  its  breadth  varies  from  183  miles  in 
the  middle  to  2G2  miles  on  the  southern  and  337  near  the  north- 
ern line;  the  total  area  being  83,305  square  miles,  or  53,353,600 
acres.  There  are  over  7,000  small  lakes  in  the  State,  varying  from  one  to  thirty  miles 
in  diameter,  while  several  of  them  have  an  area  of  from  100  to  400  square  miles.  The 
Mississippi  rises  in  Lake  Itasca,  and  flows  for  nearly  800  miles  through  the  State, 
receiving  the  Minnesota  at  Fort  Snelling,  five  miles  above  St.  Paul.  The  Red  River 
of  the  North  rises  in  Elbow  Lake,  turns  southwest  and  north,  and  empties  into  Lake 
Winnipeg.  The  St.  Louis  river,  which  rises  in  the  northeast,  falls  into  Lake  Superior, 
and  forms  the  first  link  in  the  chain  of  rivers  and  lakes  of  the  St.  Lawrence  system.  There 
is  much  really  beautiful  scenery  in  Minnesota,  and  although  it  is  destitute  of  mountains, 
the  limestone  cliffs  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  the  perpendicular  walls  of  rock  between 
which  the  St.  Croix  forces  its  way,  are  very  picturesque.  The  celebrated  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony, at  Minneapolis,  are  the  best  known  of  the  many  cataracts  to  be  found  in  this  State. 
ClinMlte, — The  salubrity  of  the  climate  of  Minnesota  is  well  known,  and  the 
purity  of  the  air  and  dryness  of  the  winters  render  the  State  a  chosen  place  of  recu- 
peration for  those  suffering  from  pulmonary  complaints.  The  summers  are  warm,  with 
breezy  nights,  and  two-thirds  of  the  total  rainfall  of  35  50  inches  occurs  during  tlie 
months  of  June,  July,  August  and  September.  The  winters  are  cold,  clear  and  dry,  and 
the  snowfall  generally  light.  The  range  of  temperature  is  considerable;  the  summer 
mean  being  70. oO*"^;  winter  mean,  25°  ;  and  the  annual  mean  at  St.  Paul,  47°  Fahrenheit. 
HistOVy. — The  first  recorded  explorations  of  the  territory  were  made  in  1680, 
when  Father  Hennepin,  La  Salle  and  some  traders  and  guides  ascended  the  Mississippi 
and  reached  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  La  Hontan,  Le  Sueur,  Carver  and  others  vis- 
ited and  explored  the  Northwestern  Territory,  which  included  that  part  of  Minnesota 
east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  which  was  nominally  transferred  to  the  United  States  in 
1783.  Minnesota,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  formed  originally  a  part  of  the  French 
Possessions,  which  were  transferred  to  the  United  States  in  1803.  It  was  at  first  a 
portion  of  the  Territory  of  Missouri,  and  later  of  that  of  Iowa.  Fort  Snelling  was  built 
near  St.  Anthony's  Falls  in  1819,  and  in  1837  a  small  tract  lying  between  the  St.  Croix 
and  Mississippi  was  ceded  by  the  Indians.  Minnesota  Territory  was  established  March 
3, 1S49.  In  1851  the  Sioux  Indians  ceded  to  the  United  States  all  their  lands  between 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Big  Sioux.  The  State,  with  its  existing  boundaries,  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  May  11, 1858.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  in  1861  Minnesota  was  but 
in  the  third  year  of  its  existence  as  a  State,  and  its  population  was  only  172,023.  Of 
this  number  the  State  contributed  over  one-seventh  to  the  Federal  armies,  the  total 
number  contributed  being  25,052  men.  In  addition  to  all  this,  the  State  was  called 
upon  to  meet  a  formidable  Indian  war,  for  in  August,  1862,  several  bands  of  Dakotas 
and  Sioux  attacked  the  frontier  settlements  in  Brown  county  and  the  neighborhood 
of  New  Ulm,  depopulating  whole  counties,  murdering  the  men,  women  and  children  by 
hundreds,  and  carrying  off  nearly  250  white  captives.  Gen.  H.  H.  Sibley,  former 
governor  of  the  State,  raised  several  hundred  volunteers  and  marched  to  the  front. 
The  Indians  gave  battle,  and  were  defeated  at  New  Ulm,  Fort  Ridgely  and  Birch 
Coolie,  and  on  September  23  they  were  completely  subdued.  Of  the  Indian  warriors 
303  were  condemned  to  death,  but  the  sentences  of  many  were  commuted,  and  on 
Dec.  21,  1862,  thirty-eight  of  the  most  criminal  were  hanged  at  Mankato.  Foreign 
immigrants  continue  to  pour  in  by  thousands.  The  invigorating  climate,  the  splendid 
agricultural  capabilities  of  the  State,  and  its  accessibility  to  markets,  unite  to  render 
it  most  attractive  to  the  best  class  of  settlers. 

^Population.— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  419,149;  Females,  361,624;  Native, 
513,097;  Foreign,  267,676;  White,  776,884;  Colored,  3,889,  including  24  Chinese,  1 
Japanese,  and  2,300  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

fi6 


MAP    OF    MINNESOTA. 


TEREITORY  OF  DAKOTA. 


Topofjvaphy. — Dakota  has  an  average  extent  nortii  ana  south  of  450  miles; 
a  breadth  of  350  miles,  with  an  area  of  149,100  square  miles,  or  95,424,000  acres. 
There  are  still  27,550  Indians  in  the  Territory,  seven-eighths  of  the  whole  number 
being  Sioux.  These  are  divided  into  numerous  bands,  and  are  mostly  on  reservations 
west  of  the  Missouri  and  north  of  the  Nebraska  frontier.  The  amount  of  land  held  by 
them  is  41,999,456  acres,  of  which  over  5,000,000  acres  is  good  farming  land.  Ordy 
10,500  acres  is  cultivated.  The  Territory  forms  a  vast  elevated  plateau,  crossed  by 
several  minor  ranges  of  hills,  which  in  the  southwest  almost  deserve  the  name  of  mount- 
ains. The  general  elevation  of  the  country  is  from  1,000  to  2,500  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Black  Hills  aie  nearly  7,000  feet  above  sea  level.  The 
Missouri  river  crosses  Dakota  from  the  northwest  to  the  southeast  corner,  and  is  navi- 
gable throughout  the  Territory.  It  receives  the  Yellowstone  on  the  Montana  border, 
in  latitude  48^  north,  and  has  also  as  tributaries  the  Little  Missouri,  White,  Big  Chey- 
enne and  Niobrara  rivers,  the  latter  having  most  of  its  course  in  Nebraska.  The  Da- 
kota rises  in  Devil's  Lake,  in  the  northeast,  and  has  a  length  of  400  miles  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Missouri  near  Yankton.  The  Red  River  of  the  North,  flowing  north  into 
British  America,  forms  the  eastern  boundary  for  about  250  miles,  and  receives  no  less 
than  eight  considerable  streams  from  Dakota.  The  Vermillion  and  Big  Sioux  in  the 
southeast  are  each  more  than  150  miles  long.  There  are  a  large  number  of  lakes  and 
ponds,  mostly  in  the  east  and  north.  Devil's  Lake,  the  water  of  which  is  brackish,  is 
forty  miles  long  and  from  four  to  twelve  miles  wide.  Other  important  lakes  are  Al- 
bert, Poinsett,  Tchanchicaha,  Traverse,  AYhitewood  and  Big  Stone. 

Ctutmte* — The  temperature  varies  during  the  year  from  20*^  below  zero  to  100" 
Fahrenheit;  July  and  August  being  the  warmest  months,  and  December,  January  and 
February  the  coldest.  In  the  north  the  winters  are  severe  and  much  snow  falls,  but 
the  climate  of  the  south  is  mild  and  pleasant.  The  atmosphere  is  clear  and  dry,  and 
owing  to  the  elevation,  malarial  diseases  are  unknown,  while  pulmonary  complaints 
are  rare.  Spring  opens  earlier  than  in  Eastern  States  in  the  same  latitude.  The 
annual  rainfall  averages  twenty  inches  and  occurs  at  the  best  time  for  agriculture. 

HistOVIJ. — The  Territory  of  Dakota  was  organized  March  2,  1861,  and  included 
the  present  Territories  of  Wyoming  and  Montana.  Several  important  changes  were 
made  in  the  boundaries  when  Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Montana  were  organized.  The 
earliest  settlements  were  made  at  Pembina  in  1812,  by  Lord  Selkirk,  who  supposed  it 
to  be  British  territory.  The  first  permanent  settlements  were  made  in  1859,  between 
Sioux  City  and  Yankton,  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri,  but  Indian  troubles  and  the  Civil 
war  checked  immigration  until  1866.  The  first  legislature  met  in  March,  1862,  at 
YanKton,  then  the  seat  of  government.  In  1883  the  capital  was  changed  to  Bismarck, 
where  a  State  house  is  in  process  of  erection.  The  most  important  settlements  are  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  and  along  the  line  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad.  Within  the  past  five  years  a  great  impetus  has  been  given 
to  settlements  by  the  extension  of  the  railroad  system  in  Central  Dakota,  and  the  dis- 
coveries of  great  mineral  wealth  in  the  Black  Hills  country  in  the  extreme  southwest, 
In  view  of  the  enormous  area  of  the  Territory  and  the  rapidity  of  its  growth,  several 
propositions  have  been  made  for  its  division,  but  as  yet  nothing  definite  for  the 
accomplishment  of  such  a  purpose  has  been  undertaken.  The  fertile  lands  of  this 
Territory  are  being  rapidly  settled  by  emigrants  from  other  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  Europe.  Large  colonies  of  Mennonites,  from  Russia,  and  of  Scandinavians, 
have  settled  there,  while  the  more  liberal  homestead  laws  of  the  United  States  have 
attracted  from  Manitoba  thousands  who  had  gone  therefrom  Canada  with  the  intention 
of  making  it  their  home.  During  the  twelve  months  ending  June  30, 1880,  there  were 
8,819  entries  at  the  land  offices  at  Fargo,  Bismarck  and  Grand  Fork,  amounting  to 
1,321,682  acres.  During  the  same  time  the  Northern  Pacific  sold  224,842  acres.  At 
the  present  time  no  portion  of  the  West  offers  greater  inducements  to  immigrants  than 
Dakota. 

I* OJJ It lati on.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  82,296;  P'emales,  52,881;  Native, 
83,382;  Foreign,  51,795;  White,  133,147;  Colored,  20,030,  including  238  Chinese 
and  1,301  Indians. 

68 


MAP    OF    DAKOTA. 


ist  vj!Jcoi^^ 


-jk -r  ^  Camp  Sheridan 
■^  Fort  Robinson 

R     I      n     [J 


69 


MAP    OF 


STATE  OF  IOWA. 


Topofjraplky. — Nearly  the  wnole  State  consists  of  gently 
undulating  prairie,  and  is  destitute  of  mountains  or  even  hills 
of  any  size.  There  are  some  bluffs  on  the  river  margins,  and 
in  the  northeastern  part  the  surface  is  more  elevated  and  the 
scenery  more  diversified.  The  country  is  well  watered,  and 
extremely  beautiful,  abounding  with  natural  meadows  and 
verdant  plains.  The  streams,  without  exception,  flow  into  one 
or  the  other  of  the  great  boundary  rivers,  and  give  unrivaled 
natural  drainage  for  the  whole  State.  In  the  northern  portion 
there  are  numerous  small,  beautiful  lakes,  which  are  a  part  of 
the  system  extending  northward  into  Minnesota.  Its  general  extent  north  and  south 
is  208  miles,  and  east  and  west  about  300  miles;  and  its  area  is  56,025  square  miles, 
or  35,856,000  acres,  being  almost  exactly  the  same  as  that  of  Illinois.  The  highest 
point  in  the  State  is  at  Spirit  Lake,  in  the  northwest  part,  which  is  1,650  feet  above 
the  sea  level,  and  there  is  a  gradual  slope  thence  to  the  southeast,  until  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Des  Moines  river  the  elevation  is  only  444  feet. 

ClitfKite. — It  is  a  healthy  region,  malarial,  epidemic  and  endemic  diseases  being 
rare.  The  winters  are  severe,  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  north  and  northwest  winds, 
which  sweep  at  will  over  the  prairies,  but  they  are  not  unhealthy.  In  summer  the 
constant  breezes  relieve  the  heat  of  the  season.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is 
about  48°  Fahrenheit;  that  of  summer,  70^°;  and  of  winter,  23^'^;  and  the  tempera- 
ture is  seldom  lower  than  10®  or  higher  than  90°.  The  mean  annual  rainfall  for  thirty 
years  was  44.27  inches;  the  least  23.35  inches,  and  the  greatest  74.49  inches.  Taking 
the  whole  year,  the  climate  is  moderate,  and  favorable  for  agriculture;  fruit  trees  blos- 
som early  in  May,  and  wheat  ripens  in  August. 

Sistovy. — Iowa,  the  sixteenth  State  admitted  into  the  Union  under  the  Federal 
constitution,  dates  its  existence  as  a  State  from  December  28,  1846 — only  one  genera- 
tion ago.  Its  name,  which  is  also  that  of  a  river  within  its  confines,  is  said  to  mean, 
in  the  language  of  the  aborigines,  "  The  Beautiful  Land."  The  territory  now  em- 
braced by  Iowa  originally  formed  a  part  of  the  vast  Louisiana  possessions  of  the 
French,  which  were  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1803,  during  the  administration  of 
President  .lefferson.  The  first  white  settlement  was  made  in  1788,  by  a  French  Cana- 
dian named  Julian  Dubuque,  who,  attracted  by  the  extensive  lead  deposits,  obtained 
a  large  grant  of  land,  including  the  tract  upon  which  the  city  named  after  him  now 
stands.  This  pioneer  built  a  small  fort,  and  engaged  in  lead  mining  in  a  primitive 
fashion,  and  in  traffic  with  the  Indians,  until  his  death  in  1810.  Up  to  1883  the 
increase  of  population  was  but  slow,  and  it  was  not  until  that  year  that  a  number  of 
companies  or  colonies  from  Illinois  and  other  States  settled  near  Burlington  and  at 
various  points  along  the  Mississippi.  From  1834  to  1836  the  territory  was  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  Michigan;  in  the  latter  year  it  was  transferred  to  Wisconsin,  and 
on  July  4,  1838,  the  new  government  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa  was  formally  installed 
at  Burlington.  Under  its  territorial  organization  Iowa  included  all  the  country  north 
of  Missouri  to  the  British  Possessions,  lying  between  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi 
rivers,  thus  taking  in  the  greater  part  of  what  is  now  Minnesota  and  the  whole  of 
Dakota  Territory.  The  total  area  of  the  Territory  was  194,536  square  miles,  and  its 
population  22,859  souls.  In  1839  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  to  Iowa  City, 
and  in  1844  petition  was  made  for  admission  to  the  Union.  By  an  act  of  March  3, 
1845,  Congress  defined  the  boundaries  which  would  be  acceptable,  and  which  were 
agreed  to  by  a  convention  held  the  following  year.  The  original  State  constitution 
was  modified  in  1857  by  a  constitutional  convention,  held  in  Iowa  City,  and  the  exist- 
ing constitution  was  ratified  in  that  year  by  a  popular  vote  of  40,311  to  38,681.  From 
the  date  of  admission  to  the  Union,  the  increase  in  population,  wealth  and  prosperity 
has  been  wonderful.  Iowa  furnished  76,242  men  for  the  Union  armies  during  the 
Civil  war.  The  State  raised  for  general  service  thirty-nine  regiments  of  infantry 
(three  years),  one  regiment  of  three-months  men,  and  four  of  hundred-day  men. 

I*02yulati07l.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  848,136;  Females,  776,479;  Native, 
1,362,965;  Foreign,  261,650;  White,  1,614,600;  Colored,  10,015,  including  33  Chinese, 
and  466  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

72 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


Topofjvaphy, — Missouri  has  a  length  north  and  south  of 
275  miles;  an  averaire  breadth  of  about  245  miles;  and  an  area 
of  G9,415  square  miles,  or  44,425, GUO  acres.  That  part  of  the 
State  which  lies  north  of  the  Missouri  river  consists  of  rolling  or 
level  prairies  with  deep  river  valleys,  and  a  general  slope  from 
northwest  to  southeast.  The  southern  division,  which  is  much 
the  larger  of  the  two,  is  more  broken  and  rugged,  with  a  num- 
ber of  hills  ranging  from  500  to  1,000  feet  in  height,  and  moun- 
tain ranges  (the  Iron  mountains  and  Ozark  mountains)  in  the 
extreme  south.  The  uj^lands  cover  more  than  half  this  section,  and  west  of  the  Ozark 
region  the  prairies  are  undulating,  and  the  valleys  of  the  rivers  both  wide  and  deep. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Mississippi,  which  washes  the  entire  eastern  boundary 
nearly  500  miles),  and  the  Missouri.  The  Missouri  has  numerous  tributaries  within 
the  State,  chief  of  which  are  the  Osage  and  Gasconade. 

Clitncite. — The  range  of  temperature  is  great,  and  the  climate  is  subject  to  fre- 
quent changes.  The  summers  are  hot  and  the  winters  severe,  even  the  largest  rivers 
being  sometimes  frozen  entirely  over.  The  annual  mean  temperature  of  the  central 
part  is  55°;  that  of  spring,  56°;  summer,  76°;  autumn,  bb°;  and  winter,  39*^  Fahren- 
heit. Southerly  winds  predominate,  and  the  annual  rainfall  is  about  thirty-two  inches, 
the  greatest  precipitation  being  in  May. 

History . — Originally  belonging  to  the  French  as  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  ter- 
ritory, Missouri  passed  under  Spanish  domination  in  1763,  and  so  remained  until  pur- 
chased by  the  United  States  in  1803.  Settlements  by  both  Frenchmen  and  Spaniards 
were  made  at  St.  Louis,  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  several  other  river  points,  between  1755 
and  1780.  It  remained  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  territory  until  1812,  when  it  took  the 
name  of  Missouri.  March  2,  1821,  Missouri  entered  the  Union,  being  the  eleventh 
State  admitted  under  the  Federal  constitution.  There  was  much  discussion  over  the 
admission  of  the  new  State,  which  was  finally  settled  by  the  adoption  of  the  famous 
"  Missouri  compromise,"  by  which  the  State  was  permitted  to  retain  slavery.  Mis- 
souri increased  in  population,  wealth  and  commerce  very  rapidly;  doubling  its  popu- 
lation each  decade  until  1860.  A  large  majority  of  the  people  were  opposed  to  seces- 
sion, and  the  State  convention  which  met  at  Jefferson  City  on  February  28,  and  reas- 
sembled at  St.  Louis  on  March  4,  adjourned  without  making  any  provision  for  sub- 
mitting the  question  to  the  people,  and  without  taking  any  definite  action  whatever. 
The  majority  in  the  convention,  as  also  in  the  State  legislature,  were  Union  men.  In 
June  Governor  Jackson  issuea  a  proclamation  calling  for  50,000  militia  to  repel  inva- 
sion, and  removpd  with  other  State  officers  from  Jefferson  City  to  Booneville,  while 
the  Federal  troops  under  Gen.  Lyon  advanced  to  Jefferson  City.  On  July  30  the 
State  convention  declared  the  offices  of  governor,  lieutenant  governor  and  secretary 
of  state  vacant,  and  elected  Mr.  Gamble  governor,  at  the  same  time  declaring  the 
legislature  dissolved.  The  Federal  forces  held  the  greater  part  of  the  State,  but  large 
bodies  of  Confederates  were  mustered  in  the  southwest,  and  on  August  10  the  battle 
of  Wilson's  Creek  was  fought,  near  Springfield.  Gen.  Lyon  was  killed,  and  the  Union 
troops  under  Sigel  fell  back  to  Rolla.  Martial  law  was  declared  by  Gen.  Fremont  on 
August  31,  and  on  September  20  Gen.  Price  at  the  head  of  large  Confederate  force  cap- 
tured Lexington.  Gen.  Fremont  then  took  the  field,  and  Price  evacuated  Springfield 
and  retreated  into  the  southern  counties  after  a  series  of  skirmishes.  Fremont  was 
superseded  by  Gen,  Hunter  in  November  and  the  Federal  forces  again  receded,  but. 
Major  Gen.  Halleck  having  assumed  command  of  the  department,  a  more  active  cam- 
paign ensued,  and  before  the  close  of  the  war  Price  was  driven  into  Arkansas.  The 
officers  appointed  by  the  State  convention  retained  their  powers  until  November, 
1864,  when  a  State  election  was  held.  A  new  constitution  was  adopted  in  June,  1865, 
and  the  last  of  the  amendments  to  the  Federal  constitution  was  ratified  in  1869.  On 
October  30,  1875,  another  new  constitution  was  adopted,  which  went  into  effect 
November  30.  Missouri  furnished  109,111  men  to  the  Federal  armies  during  the  war. 
l*0/?l/?af/o?l..— Census  of  1880:  Males,  1,127,187;  Females,  1.041,193;  Native, 
1,956,802;  Foreign,  211,578;  White,  2,022,826;  Colored,  145,554,  inclading  91  Chi- 
nese, and   113  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

73 


r 


M  VP     OF 


MIc^^OI.  RI 


K 


O 


STATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 


Topoyvaphll, — The  extreme  length  of  Mississippi  north  and 
south  is  o'6'l  miles;  extreme  breadth,  t89  miles;  average  breadth, 
142  miles;  area,  46,810  square  miles,  or  29,958,400  acres.  The 
surface  is  undulating,  with  an  elevation  in  the  north  and  north- 
east of  from  400  to  700  feet,  some  of  the  hills  rising  200  to  300 
feet  above  the  adjoining  country,  and  has  a  general  slope  south 
and  southwest.  In  the  north,  from  Vicksburg  to  the  Tennes- 
see border,  is  the  Mississippi  bottom,  a  low,  flat,  swampy 
country,  though  extremely  fertile.  The  central  and  southern 
divisions  are  generally  hilly,  with  an  average  elevation  of  from  100  to  200  feet  above 
sea  level.  There  are  extensive  marshes  in  the  extreme  south.  The  actual  coast  line 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  about  ninety  miles,  but  owing  to  irregularities  the  measure- 
ment is  almost  doubled.  There  are  harbors  at  Biloxi,  Mississippi  City,  and  in  the  Bay 
of  St.  Louis,  but  the  depth  of  water  is  not  great.  Cat  and  Ship  Islands,  and 
some  half  a  dozen  other  small,  sandy  islands  lie  about  ten  miles  off  the  coast.  The 
drainage  of  the  State  is  by  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  the  Big  Black,  Yazoo 
and  Bayou  Pierre;  and  by  the  Pearl  and  Pascagoula  rivers,  directly  into  the  Gulf.  The 
Tennessee  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  in  the  northeast,  and  the  Tombigbee  rises  in 
the  same  section  and  flows  into  Alabama. 

Clitmite. — The  climate  is  very  mild,  and  snow  and  ice  are  unknown.  The 
summers  are  long  and  hot,  July  and  August  being  the  warmest  months,  and  having  a 
mean  temperature  of  82°  to  85^  Fahrenheit.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is 
from  65°  to  66°  Fahrenheit;  and  the  rainfall  varies  from  forty-five  to  forty-eight  inches 
in  the  north,  and  from  fifty-five  to  sixty  inches  yearly  on  the  Gulf  coast.  The  higher 
lands  are  healthy  enough,  but  along  the  rivers  malarial  diseases  are  frequent  and  occa- 
sionally assume  an  epidemic  character,  resulting  in  great  loss  of  life. 

Histovy. — Mississippi  was  first  traversed  by  De  Soto  in  1542,  and  was  seen  by 
La  Salle  140  years  later,  when  he  descended  the  river.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
in  1699,  when  M.  de  Iberville  erected  a  fort  at  Biloxi.  This  entire  region  was  known 
as  Louisiana,  the  name  being  given  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV.  In  1703  settlements  were 
made  on  the  Yazoo,  and  the  population  gradually  increased  until  the  Indian  war  of 
1728,  when  all  the  whites  were  murdered  by  the  confederate  tribes.  In  1733  there 
was  another  war  with  the  Chickasaws,  which  ended  in  their  defeat.  In  1763  nearly 
all  the  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi  was  transferred  to  England,  while  Spain,  a  few 
years  later,  became  the  owner  of  the  French  possessions  west  of  that  stream,  as  well 
as  of  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  Florida  line.  After  the  revolution  the  Territory  of  Missis- 
sippi was  organized  out  of  lands  claimed  by  Georgia.  In  1802  Georgia  ceded  to  the 
United  States  her  lands  south  of  the  Tennessee  line,  which  were  annexed  to  Missis- 
sippi Territory.  In  1811  the  United  States  wrested  from  Spain  its  possessions  on  the 
Gulf  coast  and  added  them  to  Mississippi,  which  then  included  the  present  State  and 
Alabama.  A  State  constitution  was  adopted  in  1817,  and  the  boundaries  were  fixed 
as  they  now  exist,  Alabama  being  formed  into  a  separate  Territory,  Mississippi  was 
admitted  into  the  Union  Dec.  10,  1817,  being  the  seventh  State  to  come  in  under 
the  Federal  constitution.  The  capital  was  located  at  Jackson  in  1822,  previous  meet- 
ings of  the  legislature  having  been  held  at  Washington,  Columbia  and  Natchez.  The 
infant  Territory  responded  promptly  to  Gen.  Jackson's  call  for  troops  in  1814,  and  the 
State  filled  its  quota  when  volunteers  were  called  for  during  the  Mexican  war.  In 
1860  the  population  had  reached  nearly  800,000,  the  slaves  largely  outnumbering  the 
whites.  The  State  was  among  the  first  to  adopt  an  ordinance  of  secession  and  to 
ratify  the  Confederate  constitution.  On  Dec.  31,  1861,  the  Federal  troops  captured 
Biloxi,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  in  the  following  spring  Corinth  was  taken.  Oct. 
3  and  4  the  Confederates  attempted  to  recapture  Corinth,  but  were  repulsed  with 
heavy  loss.  The  operations  which  resulted  in  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg  on  July  4, 
1863,  were  among  the  most  important  of  the  war,  and  practically  ended  all  operations 
in  that  State,  subsequent  events  being  only  of  minor  importance.  The  city,  which* 
stands  upon  a  high  blufi^,  was  strongly  fortified  during  the  first  year  of  the  war,  and 
commanded  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  which  Farragut's  victory  at  New  Orleans 
had  cleared  to  Port  Hudson.     An  attempt  was  made  in  May,  1862,  to  procure  its  sur- 

76 


render.  The  State  was  not  readmitted  to  representation  in  congress  until  18T0.  In 
August,  1865,  the  constitution  was  amended  by  abolishing  slavery,  and  the  ordinance 
of  secession  was  repealed.  A  new  constitution  was  adopted  in  1809,  which  was 
amended  in  1877.  The  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  amendments  to  the  Federal  consti- 
tution were  ratified  in  1870. 

STATE    OF    MISSISSIPPI. 


S^'   ASCENSION   7        J^       .        -       -/a   <^X.^^^-    "T''-''-V 


s  0 


,G,     of      M  £  X 


I^Oj}ulation.— Census  of  1880:     Males,  567,177;  Females,  564,420;  Native, 
1,122,388;  Foreign,   9,209;  White,  479,398;  Colored,  682,199,  including  51  Chinese, 

and   1,857  Indians  and    Half-breeds. 

77 


STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 


TopOffVflphjl, — AlaDama  is  330  miles  in  length,  and,  on  the 
average,  lo-l  niiies  in  breadth;  and  has  an  area  of  52,250  square 
miles,  or  33,440,000  acres.  In  the  northeast  the  country  is  rug- 
ged and  uneven,  and  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  extends  thence  west,  forming  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween the  head  waters  of  the  Tennessee  and  the  rivers  which 
flow  south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  slope  from  this  to  the 
south  is  gradual,  with  rolling  prairies  in  the  centre  of  the 
State,  and  the  extreme  southern  portion  is  flat,  and  but  slightly 
elevated  above  the  sea-level.  There  is  about  sixty  miles  of  sea  coast,  including 
Mobile  Bay,  the  finest  harbor  on  the  gulf.  The  Mobile  river  is  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee;  and  the  Chattahoochee,  Coosa  and  Tennessee 
all  have  a  part  of  their  course  in  Alabama. 

ClililClte. — Although  Alabama  lies  within  seven  degrees  of  the  tropics,  its  cli- 
mate is  not  unpleasant,  the  mean  annual  temperature  being  about  63*^  Fahrenheit.  In 
the  northern  and  more  elevated  sections  the  temperature  is  moderated  by  the  sea 
breezes,  and  seldom  exceeds  95°,  except  in  July,  when  the  thermometer  has  been 
known  to  record  104^.  In  the  winter  months  the  range  is  from  20'^  to  SO"',  and  in 
spring  from  25*  to  90°  Fahrenheit,  Snow  very  seldom  falls,  and  ice  is  almost  un- 
known.    The  rainfall  varies  from  forty-six  to  forty-nine  inches  per  annum. 

Histovy. — Alabama  was  visited  by  De  Soto  in  1541,  and  in  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century  Mobile  was  founded  by  the  French,  In  1763  the  entire 
French  possessions  east  of  the  Mississippi,  which  included  a  portion  of  Alabama, 
were  ceded  to  England  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  but  in  1783  that  portion  south  of 
latitude  31°  was  retroceded  to  Spain.  Alabama  formed  a  part  of  Georgia  until  1798, 
when  that  State  became  a  member  of  the  Union,  and  the  country  now  included  in 
the  States  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama  became  the  Territory  of  Mississippi.  That 
portion  of  the  gulf  coast  extending  from  Pearl  river  to  Perdido  Bay,  then  occupied 
by  the  Spaniards  and  forming  part  of  Florida,  was  seized  during  the  war  of  1812. 
The  British  had  taken  possession  of  Mobile  and  Pensacola  to  facilitate  their  military 
operations  in  the  South,  but  were  driven  out  without  much  difficulty  by  Gen.  Jackson 
and  his  Tennesseeans.  In  1813  the  Creeks,  instigated  by  the  British,  massacred  a 
number  of  Americans  at  Fort  Minis.  The  Tennessee  militia,  under  the  command  of 
Gen.  Jackson,  marched  to  the  aid  of  their  countrymen,  defeated  the  Indians  at  the 
hard-fought  battles  of  Talladega  and  Emuckfaw,  and  finally  destroyed  the  power  of 
the  Creeks  in  the  desperate  fight  at  tlie  Horseshoe  Bend,  The  State  of  Mississippi 
was  formed  from  the  western  portion  of  the  Territory  in  1817,  and  the  eastern  half 
constituted  the  Territory  of  Alabama  until  Dec,  14,  1819,  when  it  was  admitted  into 
the  Union,  having  then  a  population  of  120,000.  Being  a  cotton-growing  State  and 
entering  the  Union  with  a  large  slave  population,  which  increased  with  much  greater 
rapidity  than  the  white  race,  Alabama  naturally  held  very  strong  views  in  favor  of  the 
"peculiar  institution,"  and  when  the  long-pending  struggle  reached  a  crisis  it  was 
one  of  the  very  first  to  propose  extreme  measures.  Its  representatives  withdrew  from 
the  Charleston  convention  in  April,  1860,  because  that  body  refused  to  adopt  a  strong 
pro-slavery  platform.  In  November  following,  Alabama  sent  commissioners  to  the 
other  Southern  States  urging  their  withdrawal  from  the  Union,  and  the  formation  of  a 
Confederacy.  The  ordinance  of  secession  was  adopted  in  convention  Jan.  11,  1861, 
and  on  Feb.  4  the  Confederacy  was  organized  at  Montgomery.  The  State  next 
seized  the  forts  at  Mobile,  and  other  United  States  property,  and  prepared  for  war. 
State  troops  were  raised  and  sent  North  in  1861,  but  no  conflict  occurred  within  the 
State  until  the  following  year.  In  February,  1802,  the  Union  gunboats  entered  the 
Tennessee  river  and  reached  the  Muscle  Shoals,  and  in  April  following  Gen.  Mitchell, 
with  a  division  of  Gen.  Buell's  army,  took  Huntsville  and  Russellville,  and  for  several 
months  held  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Admiral  Farragut  bombarded  the  forts 
at  Mobile  in  August,  1864,  and  early  in  1865  an  expedition  under  Major-Gen.  Wilson 
captured  Chickasaw.  Selma  and  Montgomery.  On  April  12  Mobile  fell  into  the  hands 
of  Gen.  Canby  and  Rear- Admiral  Thatcher,  who  had  led  a  combined  military  and  na- 

78 


val  force  from  New  Orleans,  and  the  final  surrender  of  all  the  forces,  munitions  of  war 
and  ships  was  made  in  May  fuUuwinij;.  Reconstruction  measures  were  commenced  in 
April,  18G5,  and  in  1867  Alabama  became  a  part  of  the  third  military  district.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1868,  a  new  constitution  was  adopted;   the  fourteenth  amendment  was  ratified 

STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 


in  June,  and  on  July  1-4  the  State  was  readmitted.     The  iifteenth  amendment  was  rat- 
ified in  18T0,  and  the  constitution  now  in  force  was  adopted  in  1875. 

I'o/nil  at  ton.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  623,629;  Females,  639,876;  Native, 
1,252,:71;  Foreign,  9,734;  White,  662,185;  Colored,  600,32U,  including  -4  Chinese, 
and  213  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

79 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Topograjyliy, — The  greatest  length  of  Tennessee  east  and 
west  is  432  miles;  greatest  breadth,  109  miles;  and  area,  42,U50 
square  miles,  or  26,912,000  acres.  The  Appalachian  mountains 
separate  Tennessee  from  North  Carolina.  The  State  is  popu- 
larly divided  into  three  sections:  East  Tennessee,  extending 
from  the  North  Carolina  border  to  about  the  middle  of  the  Cum- 
berland table  land;  Middle  Tennessee,  thence  to  the  Tennessee 
river;  and  West  Tennessee,  occupying  the  territory  between 
the  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  rivers.  The  Mississippi  forms 
the  western  boundary,  and,  with  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland,  drains  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  State.  Other  rivers  are  the  Clinch,  the  Holston,  the  Forked  Deer  and 
its  branches,  the  Big  Hatchie  and  Wolf  river.  The  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  are 
navigable  for  a  considerable  distance,  and  the  other  rivers  afford  valuable  water  power. 
Climate. — The  climate  of  the  State  is  mild  and  remarkably  salubrious.  Owing 
to  the  great  elevation  of  the  eastern  division  and  the  level  plains  of  the  west,  Tennes- 
see has  a  climate  embracing  the  characteristics  of  every  State  from  Canada  to  Missis- 
sippi. The  yearly  rainfall  is  about  forty-six  inches,  and  the  range  of  the  thermometer 
about  45®  Fahrenheit.  The  mean  temperature  of  winter  is  37.87°;  spring,  56.71°; 
summer,  74.40°;  and  autumn,  57.54°.  As  a  rule  the  snowfall  is  light,  and  there  is  but 
little  ice.     Tennessee  is  regarded  as  one  the  healthiest  States  of  the  Union. 

Histovy. — The  earliest  settlement  in  Tennessee  was  made  in  1754,  but  the  first 
permanent  settlement  was  made  two  years  later  at  Fort  Loudon,  near  the  present  site 
of  Knoxville.  The  district  was  known  from  1769  to  1777  as  the  "Watauga  Associa- 
tion," and  for  seven  years  following  it  formed  a  part  of  North  Carolina.  In  1785  the 
"State  of  Franklin"  was  organized  and  existed  for  three  years,  when  its  inhabitants 
resumed  their  allegiance  to  North  Carolina.  That  State  ceded  the  territory  to  the 
general  government  in  1789,  and  in  1790  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  formed  the  "  Ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States  South  of  the  Ohio."  Tennessee  Territory  was  organized  in 
1794,  and  June  1,  1796,  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union.  The  State  constitution  of 
1796  was  amended  in  1834,  in  1853,  1865,  and  on  March  26,  1870.  Knoxville  was  the 
capital  from  1794  to  1811,  and  again  in  1817.  From  1812  to  1815  Nashville  was  the 
seat  of  government,  and  from  1819  to  1825  Murfreesboro  had  that  distinction.  In  1826 
it  was  ao-ain  transferred  to  Nashville,  where  it  still  remains.  In  1813-14  occurred  the 
war  with  the  Creeks.  After  the  battle  on  the  Tallapoosa  on  March  27,  1814,  their 
power  was  forever  broken.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  there  Avas  a  division 
of  opinion  regarding  secession,  but  on  June  8,  1861,  a  majority  voted  in  favor  of  it. 
During  the  war  the  State  w-as  the  scene  of  several  active  campaigns.  On  February 
6,  16,  the  Federals  captured  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  and  in  the  same  month  took 
possession  of  Nashville.  In  March  Island  No.  10,  Fort  Pillow,  Fort  Randolph  and 
other  strongholds  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals.  Memphis  was  taken  June  6, 
1862,  and  on  Jan.  4,  1863,  the  Confederates  abandoned  Murfreesboro,  and  Rosecrans 
took  possession.  Chattanooga  was  abandoned  by  the  Confederates  September  9,  and 
ten  days  later  occurred  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  iri  which  the  Federals  were  defeated. 
Lookout  Mountain  was  captured  November  24,  and  on  the  following  day  the  battle 
of  Missionary  Ridge  was  fought,  resulting  in  the  total  defeat  of  the  Confederate  forces. 
In  November  and  December  engagements  were  fought  at  Franklin  and  Nashville,  the 
Confederates  were  defeated,  and  Tennessee  passed  under  the  control  of  the  Federals. 
On  Jan.  9,  1865,  a  State  convention  was  held  in  Nashville,  at  which  amendments  to 
the  constitution  were  agreed  upon.  The  amendments  were  ratified  by  a  popular  vote 
Feb.  22,  1865.  An  election  was  then  had  for  governor  and  members  of  tlie  legisla- 
ture. The  legislature  met  at  Nashville  in  April,  ratified  the  thirteenth  amendment  to 
the  Federal  constitution,  and  reorganized  the  State  government.  The  fourteenth 
amendment  was  ratified  in  1866,  and  shortly  thereafter  the  State  was  readmitted  to 
representation  in  Congress. 

I*opulation.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  769,277;  Females,  773,082;  Native, 
1,525,657;  Foreign,  16,702;  White,  1,138,831;  Colored,  403,528,  including  25  Chinese, 
and  352  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

80 


MA"P    OF    TENNESSEE. 


AI^F    Ot 


KENT!    ClvY 


n 


STATE  OF  KENTUCKY. 


Topo{j}'(ip1nf' — Kentucky  has  an  area  of  40,400  square 
miles,  or  25,850,000  acres;  its  greatest  lengtli  east  and  west 
being  350  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  178  miles.  The  whole 
of  Kentucky  lies  within  the  Mississippi  basin,  and  it  is  essential- 
Iv  a  table  land,  sloping  gradually  from  the  southeast  to  the  north- 
west. There  is  a  mountainous  area  of  about  4,000  square  miles 
in  the  southeast,  and  the  eastern  half  of  the  table  land  has  an 
average  height  of  about  1,000  feet  above  sea  level,  with  ridges 
five  hundred  feet  higher.  Kentucky  is  amply  provided  with 
laro-e  rivers  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  being  navigable  all  along  its  borders,  and  the 
Bio-  Sandy,  Cumberland,  Licking,  Kentucky,  Green,  Salt,  Big  Barren,  Tennessee  and 
other  important  streams  flowing  through  the  State.  Kentucky  possesses  one  of  the 
greatest  natural  curiosities  in  the  world  in  the  Mammoth  Cave,  which  is  situated  in 
Edmonson  county  near  Green  river,  and  is  the  largest  cavern  known. 

Climote. — The  climate  is  very  pleasant  though  somewhat  variable,  and  is  favor- 
able to  agriculture.  The  average  temperature  is  about  55°  Fahrenheit,  and  in  winter 
the  thermometer  seldom  falls  below  zero.  The  winters  are  of  medium  length,  and 
snow  does  not  remain  long  on  the  ground.  The  average  annual  rainfall  is  50.30  inches, 
the  greatest  fall  being  in  spring  and  winter;  the  summers  and  autumns  being  usually 
dry.  The  mean  summer  temperature  is  about  75"^,  and  the  weather,  though  warm,  is 
not  oppressive.  The  healthfulness  of  Kentucky  is  not  exceeded  by  that  of  any  other 
State  or  country  in  the  same  latitude;  the  death  rate  is  only  10.9  to  the  thousand. 

Ilistovy, — The  first  explorations  of  any  importance  were  made  by  John  Finley, 
of  North  Carolina,  and  some  companions,  in  1767.  In  1769  Daniel  Boone,  with  Finley 
and  lour  others,  reached  Red  river  from  North  Carolina,  and  in  1771  Boone  looked  for 
the  first  time  on  the  Ohio  river.  All  the  early  visitors  met  with  great  opposition  from 
the  Indians  until  on  March  17, 1775,  a  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  Cherokees.  The 
settlers  organized  a  local  government  called  the  "  Colony  of  Transylvania;"  the  State  of 
Virginia  refused  to  recognize  it,  and  in  1776  it  became  "Kentucky  county,  Virginia." 
Louisville  was  first  settled  in  1780.  In  1790  the  Territory  of  Kentucky  was  formed, 
and  June  1,  1792,  the  State  was  admitted  into  the  Union.  A  new  State  constitution 
was  adopted  in  1800  and  remained  unaltered  until  1850,  when  the  present  organic  law 
was  framed.  During  the  war  of  1812  Kentucky  contributed  nearly  7,000  volunteers 
to  the  Federal  army,  and  in  1846  the  State  offered  13,700  volunteers  to  fight  against 
Mexico.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  the  State  assumed  a  position  of  neutral- 
ity, and  decided  to  organize  a  militia  force  for  the  defense  of  its  territory  against  inva- 
sion. The  legislature  in  February,  1861,  lefused  to  call  a  State  convention  to  consider 
the  subject  of  secession.  After  the  firing  on  Sumter,  of  which  Major  Robert  Ander- 
son, a  Kentuckian  by  birth,  was  commandant,  it  became  speedily  apparent  that  neu- 
trality was  an  impossibility,  and  that  Kentucky  had  no  power  to  repel  invasion  either 
from  one  side  or  the  other.  In  September,  1861,  the  Confederates  occupied  Columbus 
and  Hickman,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  about  the  same  time  Bowling  Green  was  taken. 
In  January,  1862,  General  Buell  concentrated  the  Federal  forces  at  Louisville. 
In  the  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  January  19,  the  Confederate  forces  were  defeated,  and 
General  ZoUicoffer  was  killed.  The  Confederate  troops  abandoned  Bowling  Green 
and  Columbus  after  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  by  General  Grant  in  February.  In 
September,  1862,  General  Bragg,  accompanied  by  Morgan's  cavalry,  entered  the  State 
from  East  Tennessee,  and  struck  for  Frankfort,  the  State  capital.  The  State  govern- 
ment, archives  and  records  were  transferred  to  Louisville.  On  October  8  Buell  suc- 
ceeded, by  a  series  of  forced  marches,  in  intercepting  Bragg's  march  on  Louisville, 
and  a  terrible  battle  was  fought  near  Perryville.  From  this  time  on  till  the  close  of 
the  war  the  State  was  constantly  disturbed  by  cavalrj^  raids,  and  martial  law  was  de- 
clared by  President  Lincoln,  July  5, 1864.  In  1865  the  civil  government  was  restored, 
but  the  legislature  in  1867,  1869  and  1870  refused  to  ratify  the  constitutional  amend- 
ments.    The  State  contributed  to  the  Union  armies  75,760  men. 

Population.— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  832,590;  Females,  816,100;  Native, 
l,589_,17o;  Foreign,  59,517;  White,  1,377,179;  Colored,  271,511,  including  10  Chinese, 
and  50  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

84 


STATE  OF  ARKANSAS. 


TojtOifrnphy, — Arkansas  has  an  extent  north  and  south 
of  2-iO  miles;  a  breadth  from  east  to  west  of  from  170  to  250 
miles;  and  an  area  of  53,850  square  miles,  or  34,464,000  acres. 
The  eastern  portion  of  Arkansas  is  low  and  flat,  but  towards 
the  west  the  land  gradually  rises  and  becomes  somewhat  hilly. 
The  Ozark  mountains  in  the  northwest  are  little  more  than 
hills,  seldom  attaining  an  elevation  of  over  2,000  feet,  and  the 
extreme  west  consists  of  an  elevated  j)lain,  with  a  gradual  ascent 
towards  the  Indian  Territory.  The  most  important  river  is  the 
Arkansas,  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  flows  through  Colorado  and  Kansas, 
and  thence  southeast  through  the  Indian  Territory  and  Arkansas,  to  its  junction  with 
the  Mississippi  at  Napoleon.  It  has  a  course  within  the  State  of  500  miles.  The 
Red,  St.  Francis,  White  and  Ouachita  rivers  are  all  large  streams  and  of  much  service 
in  commerce.  The  Mississippi,  here  of  great  width,  washes  the  eastern  boundary  of 
Arkansas,  and  gives  it  an  additional  water  frontage  of  nearly  400  miles.  All  parts 
of  the  State  are  finely  timbered.  There  are  extensive  pine  forests;  also  an  abundance 
of  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  linn,  locust,  cypress,  cedar,  and  many  other  useful  trees. 
The  Hot  Springs  form  one  of  the  most  remarkable  natural  phenomena  to  be  found  in 
this  country.  They  are  of  great  medical  value,  and  around  these  famous  springs  a 
town  has  grown  up. 

Climate. —  The  temperature  is  moderate,  ranging  from  15^  to  100°  Fahrenheit, 
and  frosts  are  seldom  known.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  63°;  that  of 
winter,  45.82";  summer,80°;  and  the  thermometer  only  rises  above  00°  during  July  and 
August.  The  rainfall  varies  from  forty  to  fift^'-five  inches  per  annum,  the  heaviest 
fall  being  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  and  the  least  in  the  northwest.  In 
general  the  climate  is  very  pleasant  and  healthful.  The  northwestern  portion  of  the 
State  bears  a  high  reputation  as  a  sanitary  resort. 

History. — Originally  colonized  by  the  French  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  Arkansas  formed  a  part  of  the  famous  grant  made  by  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  regent  during  the  minority  of  Louis  XV.,  to  .lohn  Law.  De  Soto  had 
reached  its  eastern  boundary  two  hundred  j^ears  before,  and  in  1G73,  Marquette  and 
Joliet  descended  the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  river.  From  1763  to  1800 
tlie  Spaniards  possessed  the  land;  for  three  years  following,  it  was  under  French 
domination,  and  in  1803  it  was  ceded  to  the  United  States.  It  remained  a  part  of 
Louisiana  Territory  until  1812,  when  the  State  of  Louisiana  was  admitted  into  the 
Union,  and  Arkansas  formed  part  of  the  Territory  of  Missouri.  Seven  years  later, 
Missouri  adopted  a  State  constitution,  and  what  is  now  Arkansas  became  a  Territory, 
remaining  so  until  June  15,  1836,  when  it  was  also  admitted  into  the  sisterhood 
of  States.  From  this  time  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war,  the  internal  history  of 
the  State  forms  a  record  of  gradual  development  in  wealth  and  population.  In  the 
twenty  years  from  1840  to  1860,  the  number  of  inhabitants  swelled  from  97,000  to 
nearly  half  a  million.  Negro  slavery  prevailed,  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  popula- 
tion in  1860  being  held  as  slaves.  The  sympathies  of  the  voters  were  with  the  South, 
and  in  January,  1861,  it  was  decided  by  a  popular  vote  of  27,412,  against  15,826,  to 
call  a  convention  to  consider  the  question  of  secession.  This  body  met  in  March,  but 
postponed  action  until  August,  when  the  ([uestion  was  to  have  been  submitted  to  the 
people.  But  events  moved  rapidly;  the  shot  ftred  at  Sumter  called  out  the  president's 
proclamation,  and  on  May  6  the  convention  reassembled,  withdrew  the  order  for  the 
submission  of  the  question  to  the  people,  and  passed  the  ordinance  of  secession  by  a 
vote  of  69  to  1.  The  State  authorities  had  already  seized  the  arsenals  at  Little  Rock 
and  Napoleon,  and  had  acquired  possession  of  Fort  Smith.  On  March  6,  1862,  the 
batth;  of  Elk  Horn  was  fought  between  the  Confederate  forces  under  Gen.  Van  Dom 
and  the  Union  troops  commanded  by  Gen,  Curtis.  The  victory  remained  with  Curtis, 
who  marched  to  the  Mississippi  and  occupied  Helena.  In  December  following,  the 
Federals,  under  Gen.  Blunt,  defeated  Gen.  Hindman  at  Prairie  Grove  with  considera- 
ble loss,  and  on  Jan.  11,  1863,  Admiral  Porter  and  Gen.  McClernand  captured  Arkan- 

85 


sas  Post.  In  the  summer  of  18G3  success  rested  with  the  Federal  troops,  Little  Rock 
being  captured  by  Gen.  Steele,  while  the  Confederate  general,  Holmes,  who  had  at- 
tempted to  recapture  Helena,  was  driven  into  Texas,  and  all  the  south  and  west  of  the 
State  was  occupied  by  the  Union  armies.  After  Banks'  reverse  in  Louisiana,  in  the 
spring  of  1864,  the  Confederates  recovered  possession  of  the  southern  counties,  but 
not  without  a  series  of  conflicts  with  Gen.  Steele,  who  had  moved  south  for  the  purpose 
of  co-operating  with  Banks,  and  who  fell  back  to  Little  Rock  on  learning  of  the  lat- 
ter's  failure  on  the  Red  river.     The  State  formed  part  of  the  fourth  military  district  in 

MAP  OF  ARKANSAS. 


1867-68,  but  in  the  latter  year  a  new  constitution  was  adopted;  the  ordinance  of  se- 
cession repealed;  the  Confederate  State  debt  declared  null  and  void;  and  the  four- 
teenth amendment  ratified.  On  June  22  Arkansas  was  readmitted  to  representation 
in  Congress,  the  resolution  being  passed  over  the  veto  of  President  Johnson,  and  in 
March,  1869,  the  fifteenth  amendment  Avas  ratified.  The  existing  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1874. 

Popnlatioit.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  416,279;  Females,  386,246;  Native, 
792,175;  Foreign,  10,350;  White,  591,531;  Colored,  210,994,  including  133  Chinese, 
and  195  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

86 


STATE  OF  LOT  TSIAXA. 


TopOtJi'djph  y, — Louisiana  has  an  cxtromo  length  east  and 
west  ol'  300  miles;  the  greatest  breadth  is  240  miles;  area  -iS.T'-iO 
-qiiare  miles,  or  31,180,800  acres.  It  is  low-lying,  and  much 
of  the  southern  part  is  only  a  few  feet  above  the  sea  level. 
Hills  there  are  none,  except  in  the  northwest,  where  there  are 
oome  low  ranges,  never  exceeding  '-200  feet  in  height;  and  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  where  the  bluffs  rise  gradu- 
ally between  Baton  Rouge  and  Natchez  to  the  height  of  200 
feet.  The  coast  line  extends  over  1,200  miles,  and  is  exceed- 
ingly irregular.  Few  States,  if  any,  are  so  well  watered,  and  many  of  the  streams  are 
navigable.  The  Mississippi  flows  for  800  miles  through,  or  on  the  borders  of  Louisiana, 
and  reaches  the  sea  by  means  of  numerous  branches,  forming  an  extensive  delta.  The 
Red,  Atchafalaya,  Amite,  Pearl  and  Washita  rivers  are  all  navigable  for  considerable 
distances.  Li  many  cases  the  rivers  expand  into  large  bayous  or  lakes.  Of  these, 
the  principal  are  Lakes  Pontehartrain,  Borgne,  Verret,  Grand,  Sabine,  White,  Black, 
Bistineau,  Catahoula,  Maurepas  antl  Washa.  There  are  many  bays  and  inlets  on  the 
coast,  and  numerous  small  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Climate. — The  mean  annual  temperature  at  New  Orleans  is  08°,  and  at  Shreve- 
port,  in  the  northwest,  04'='  Fahrenheit,  and  the  rainfall  ranges  from  fifty  to  sixty-five 
inches,  most  of  it  l^eing  in  spring  and  summer.  The  summers  are  protracted  and 
occasionally  very  hot,  and  the  winters  are  colder  than  those  of  the  Atlantic  States  in 
the  same  latitude,  owing  to  tlie  free  sweep  which  the  northern  winds  have  over  the  State. 
The  climate  is  favorable  to  the  growth  of  all  agricultural  productions,  but  can  not  be 
considered  healthy,  at  least  for  persons  who  have  not  become  acclimated.  In  1853,  IStlT, 
and  again  in  1878  j'ellow  fever  prevailed  as  an  epidemic  in  New  Orleans  and  other 
cities,  causing  great  loss  of  life  and  an  almost  entire  suspension  of  business. 

IlistOftf, — Louisiana  was  first  visited  by  La  Salle  in  1G91,  and  the  first  perma- 
nent settlement  within  the  State  limits"  was  mad(^  by  the  French  at  New  Orleans  in 
1718.  Four  years  later  the  seat  of  the  colonial  government  was  transferred  to  that  city 
from  Mobile.  But  prior  to  this  date  French  settlements  had  been  made  at  various 
points  on  the  lower  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  all  of  which  places  were  then 
included  in  the  Province  of  Louisiana.  Nominally,  at  least,  this  was  an  empire  in 
itself,  for  it  included  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Mississijipi  to  the  Rocky  mountains 
and  north  to  the  British  Possessions,  out  of  whicli  nine  States  and  five  Territories  have 
since  been  created.  A  proprietary  government  was  formed  in  1717  under  the  charter 
given  to  the  Mississippi  ccjmpany  and  John  Law,  wdiich  existed  for  fifteen  years,  during 
which  period  fruitless  attempts  at  settlement  on  a  large  scale  were  made.  In  17*>2  the 
Province  was  ceded  to  Spain;  in  1800  it  was  retroceded  to  France;  and  in  1803  was 
bought  by  the  United  States.  Shortly  after  the  acquisition  of  the  Territory,  the 
greater  part  of  what  is  now  Louisiana  was  formed  into  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  while 
all  the  unsettled  and  almost  unknown  country  north  and  west  of  it  retained  the 
old  title.  In  1811  the  United  States  took  possession  of  the  division  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, which  had  been  claimed  by  Spain,  and,  the  northern  section  having  had  its  name 
changed  to  Missouri,  the  Territory  of  Orleans  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  the 
State  of  Louisiana,  April  8,  1812."  In  the  second  war  with  England  the  new  State 
bore  herself  nobly,  and  the  last  battle  of  the  war  was  fought  at  New  Orleans  Jan.  8, 
1815.  The  increase  in  wealth  and  population  was  not  checked  until  1800.  The 
ordinance  of  secession  was  adopted  Jan.  20,  1801,  and  on  March  21  the  constitution  of 
the  Confederate  States  was  ratified.  The  forts  commanding  the  city  of  New  Orleans 
and  the  United  States  arsenal  at  Baton  Rouge  had  previously  been  taken  possession 
oi'  by  State  troops  and  large  quantities  of  arms  and  ammunition  captured,  and  on  Jan. 
31  the  custom  house  and  mint  at  New  Orleans  were  seized.  In  the  spring  of  18f-2 
active  offensive  operations  by  land  and  sea  were  begun  by  the  Federal  forces.  The 
forts  commanding  the  city  of  New  Orleans  were  captured  April  28;  the  Confederates 
having  evacuated  the  city,  it  was  taken  possession  of  on  May  1  by  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler, 
and  on  May  7  occurred  the  fall  of  Baton  Rouge.  Port  Hudson  was  taken  in  July,  and 
in  the  meantime  the  Atchafalaya  had  been  opened,  and  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  held  all  the 

87 


State  except  Shreveport  and  the  Red  river  country  in  the  northwest.  In  June,  how- 
ever, Gen.  Richard  Taylor  recaptured  Alexandria  and  Brashear  City,  but  evacuated 
the  latter  after  the  fall  of  Port  Hudson.  On  April  8,  18G4,  occurred  the  battle  at 
Sabine  Cross  Roads,  where  the  Federals  were  defeated  and  compelled  to  retreat  to 
Alexandria,  which  was  afterwards  evacuated  and  burnt.  In  18C8  a  new  constitution 
was  ratified  by  a  popular  vote,  and  in  June  of  the  same  year  the  State  was  admitted  to 

STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 


representation,  and  the  government  turned  over  to  the  civil  authorities  July  13.  The 
fourteenth  and  fifteenth  amendments  were  ratified  shortly  afterwards.  A  number  of 
constitutional  amendments  were  adopted  in  1874,  and  in  1879  the  existing  constitution 
was  adopted. 

JPojnilat ion.— Census,  of  1880  :  Males,  468,754;  Females,  471,192;  Native, 
885,800;  Foreign,  54,140;  White,  454,954;  Colored,  484,992,  including  489  Chinese, 
and  848  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

88 


STATE  OF  TEXAS. 


Toj}0(ft'apJnj. — Greatest  length  of  the  State,  825  miles; 
greatest  l)readth,  7-tO  miles;  area,  265,780  square  miles,  or 
170,099,200  acres.  Its  sea  coast  of  about  400  miles  is  irregular 
and  bordered  by  many  small  islands.  The  mountains  of  the 
district  lying  between  the  Pecos  and  the  Rio  Grande  attain  an 
elevation  of  from  4,000  to  0,000  ft^et;  the  west  and  northwest 
sections  are  an  elevated  table  land,  and  from  thence  the  slope 
is  gradual  to  the  sea,  the  south  and  southeast  divisions  being 
flat  and  low.  The  largest  and  most  accessible  bay  is  that  of 
Galveston,  which  extenils  inland  thirty-five  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  has 
thirteen  feet  of  water  in  the  channel.  The  Rio  Grande  is  navigable  for  over  400  miles; 
the  Red  river,  Nueces,  Angelina,  Trinity,  and  some  other  streams  are  navigable  during 
the  season  for  considerable  distances.  The  Canadian  river,  in  the  north,  and  the  Bra- 
zos, Colorado,  Guadalupe  and  San  Antonio  are  among  the  best-known  streams. 

CliiUflte, — The  climate  of  Texas  shows  considerable  variation,  ranging  from  the 
temperate  to  the  semi-tropical,  but  in  general  it  is  remarkably  salubrious.  The 
mean  annual  temperature  in  the  highlands  of  the  extreme  northwest  is  about  56°;  in  the 
central  division,  65^  to  66°,  and  in  the  southwest,  72*^;  and  the  range  of  the  thermom- 
eter is  from  35°  to  95^  Fahrenheit.  The  rainfall  is  the  greatest  along  the  coast  and  in 
the  south.  The  average  precipitation  at  Austin  for  a  series  of  years  was  found  to  be 
34.54  inches;  at  Fort  Belknap,  in  Young  county,  about  twenty-two  inches,  and  in  the 
northwest,  from  twelve  to  sixteen  inches. 

IlistOl'lf, — Texas,  the  largest  State  in  the  Union,  was  admitted  Dec.  29,  1845, 
having  been  lor  nine  years  an  independent  republic.  The  first  settlement  was  by  the 
French  under  La  Salle  in  1685.  When  Louisiana  was  acquired  by  the  United  States 
in  1803,  border  troubles  immediately  sprung  up,  and  it  was  not  until  1819  that  the  Sa- 
bine river  was  agreed  upon  as  the  boundary  line.  In  1820  Moses  Austin  received 
from  the  Mexican  government  a  grant  of  lands  in  Texas,  and  this  was  confirmed  to  his 
son,  Stephen  F.  Austin,  who  settled  several  colonies  there.  Discriminative  laws 
against  citizens  of  the  United  States  having  been  passed,  and  the  provinces  of  Texas 
and  Coahuila  having  been  consolidated  and  put  under  the  control  of  a  Mexican  gover- 
nor in  order  to  opj)ress  the  Texan  settlers,  the  latter  revolted  in  1835.  In  October, 
1835,  occurred  the  battles  of  Gonzales,  Goliad  and  Concepcion,  in  which  the  Mexicans 
were  defeated.  A  provisional  government  was  constituted;  an  army  formed  with  Gen. 
oam  Houston  as  commander-in-chief;  and,  after  the  capture  of  San  Antonio  de  liexa:', 
Dec.  10,  1835,  the  Mexican  troops  were  driven  from  the  State,  which  declared  its  inde- 
p  mdence  ten  days  later.  Gen.  Houston  was  inaugurated  as  first  president  of  the  Re- 
public of  Texas  in  October,  1836,  and  the  independence  of  the  Republic  was  recog- 
nized by  the  United  States  in  the  following  March,  and  by  the  leading  European  pow- 
ers in  1839—40.  A  desultory  war  was  carried  on  with  Mexico,  and  the  new  State  became 
involved  in  great  financial  difficulties.  The  leaders,  Americans  by  birth  and  education, 
advocated  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United  States,  and  early  in  1845  resolutions 
were  passed  for  the  annexation,  which  were  ratified  by  Texas,  and  the  State  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  Dec.  29,  1845.  In  1850  congress  voted  to  pay  the  State 
$10,000,000  for  her  claims  to  lands  without  the  present  limits  of  the  State.  The 
ordinance  of  secession  was  adopted  in  February,  1861.  Gen.  Houston,  who  had  op- 
posed all  attempts  at  secession,  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Confederacy, 
and  was  deprived  of  his  office.  On  Oct.  8, 1862,  the  Federals  occupied  Galveston,  but  on 
Jt'.n.  1, 1863,  the  city  was  retaken  by  the  Confederates.  The  military  operations  within 
tho  State  were  unimportant,  although  Western  Texas  was  occupied  by  the  Union  army 
in  November,  1863,  and  the  last  battle  of  the  war  was  fought  near  the  Rio  Grande,  on 
Tesan  soil,  on  May  13, 1865.  The  process  of  reconstruction  was  extended  over  severil 
yeais,  and  it  was  not  until  April  16,  1870,  that  the  government  was  finally  turned  over 
to  the  civil  authorities.  A  new  constitution  was  adopted  in  1875,  and  is  now  in  force. 
Population.— Cew^^ns,  of  1880:  Males,  837,840;  Females,  753,909;  Native, 
1,477,133;  Foreiijn,  114,616;  White,  1,197,237;  Colored,  394,512,  including  136  Chi- 
nese and  992  Indians  and  Ilalf-breeds. 

89 


M^F     OF 


c 


TEX  A.S. 


f 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 


Topogvnpliy > — The  Indian  Territory  has  an  extreme  length  east  and  west  of 
470  miles,  and  south  of  latitude  36^  30'  about  310  miles;  extreme  breadth,  210  miles; 
area,  64,690  square  miles,  or  41,301,600  acres.  A  strip  of  land  between  the  100th  and 
103d  meridians,  about  thirty-five  miles  in  width,  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
Texas,  and  is  regarded  as  a  portion  of  the  Territory,  although  not  properly  belonging 
to  it.  It  consists  of  a  vast  plain  with  a  gradual  slope  towards  the  east,  and  the  only 
considerable  elevations  are  the  Wichita  mountains  in  the  southwest,  and  some  spurs  of 
the  Ozark  and  Wasliita  ranges  in  the  east.  The  river  valleys  of  the  east  are  bordered 
by  abrupt  bluffs  separating  them  from  the  rolling  prairies  of  the  uplands.  Except 
in  the  west,  which  is  an  arid  plain,  rivers  are  plentiful.  The  Arkansas  enters  the  Ter- 
ritory from  the  north,  intersects  it  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  and  passes  into  Arkan- 
sas, being  navigable  at  certain  seasons  to  Fort  Gibson.  It  receives  the  Verdigris, 
Neosho,  Illinois  and  other  streams  from  the  north,  and  the  Canadian ,  Cimarron,  Black 
Bear,  Little  Arkansas,  Poteau  and  North  Fork  from  the  west.  The  Canadian  rises  in 
New  Mexico,  and  the  Cimarron  in  Kansas.  The  Red  river  washes  the  southern  border 
and  receives  the  Washita,  a  Texan  stream,  and  numerous  smaller  tributaries.  It  is 
navigable  for  small  steamers  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  South  of  the  Can- 
adian river,  there  is  much  fertile  prairie  land,  interspersed  with  timber,  and  the  valleys 
of  the  Wichita  range  abound  with  wood,  water  and  grass.  The  northeast  is  well 
wooded,  but  much  of  it  is  rocky,  although  there  is  some  good  arable  and  pasture  land. 
The  soil  of  the  river  valleys  is  rich,  and  corn,  cotton,  upland  rice,  wheat,  rye  and  po- 
tatoes grow  luxuriantly.  The  principal  trees  are  the  ash,  oak,  elm,  sycamore,  walnut 
and  Cottonwood,  and  all  kinds  of  fruit  trees  flourish.  Deposits  of  semi-bituminous  coal 
have  been  found,  but  their  extent  is  not  known,  the  geology  of  the  country  not  having 
been  thoroughly  examined.  Many  fur  bearing  animals  exist,  and  are  trapped  by  the 
Indians.  Of  the  41,000,000  acres  in  the  Territory,  nearly  26,000,000  have  been  sur- 
veyed and  set  apart  as  reservations  for  the  Indians.  These  have  been  gathered  from 
all  parts  of  the  country — from  Oregon  to  Florida — in  pursuance  of  the  general  plan  of 
congregating  all  the  Indians  in  one  territory,  to  be  theirs  forever.  Of  the  more  impor- 
tant tribes,  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  were  originally  from  Georgia,  their  removal  being 
completed  in  1838.  The  Choctaws  and  Chickasaws  occupied  the  territory  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Atlantic.  The  Natchez,  Arkansas  and  others  were 
from  the  same  neighborhood.  The  Pottawatomies,  Sacs,  Foxes  and  Illinois  at  one  time 
held  possession  of  vast  territories  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  the  Northwest;  the  Miamis 
were  removed  from  Ohio,  the  lowas  from  the  State  which  now  bears  their  name,  and  the 
Seminoles  from  Florida.  The  Arrapahoes  and  Cheyennes  belonged  in  Montana  and 
Wyoming,  and  the  Modocs  in  Oregon,  whence  they  were  removed  after  the  "  Lava-bed 
war."  Many  of  the  tribes  which  originally  inhabited  the  eastern  country  were  driven 
gradually  back  before  the  whites,  and  thus  some  of  the  Indians  actually  traversed  half 
the  continent  before  their  final  removal  to  their  present  location. 

ditllClte* — The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  54°  Fahrenheit  in  the  north- 
west, and  60*^  in  the  southeast;  the  summers  are  long  and  hot,  and  the  winters 
usually  mild.  In  the  desert  country  of  the  extreme  northwest  not  more  than  twenty 
inches  of  rain  fall  during  the  year,  in  the  central  portion  thirty-five  inches,  and  in  the 
southeast  fifty  to  fifty-two  inches. 

Histovy. — The  unorganized  territory  of  the  United  States  which  extends  from 
latitude  33°  35'  to  37°  north,  and  longitude  94°  20'  to  103°  west,  forms  the  Indian 
Territory.  It  was  a  part  of  the  great  Louisiana  purchase,  and  has  been  from  time  to 
time  cut  down  to  form  States  and  Territories  until  reduced  to  its  present  dimensions. 
Efforts  have  been  made  at  various  times  to  secure  the  formation  of  a  Territorial  gov- 
ernment and  the  establishment  of  local  courts,  and  it  has  also  been  proposed  to  give 
each  of  the  five  civilized  nations  a  Delegate  in  Congress.  Another  plan  is,  that  the 
lands  now  held  in  common  by  the  Indians  shall  be  divided  among  them  to  hold  in  fee, 
the  Indians  to  be  unable  to  alienate  them,  however,  for  a  certain  number  of  years. 
Attempts  were  made  in  1880  by  bands  of  whites  to  enter  the  Indian  Territory  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  possession  of  the  rich  lands  there,  and  a  large  force  of  United  States 
troops  had  to  be  called  out  to  prevent  the  execution  of  these  designs. 

Q2 


MAP    OF    INDIAN    TERRITORY. 


AI  ^F     OF 


KAISrS^K 


r 


STATE  OF  KANSAS. 


Tox>ogvapHy . — Kansas  has  an  extreme  length  east  and  west 
of  410  miles;  a  breadth  of  about  210  miles;  and  an  area  of 
82,080  square  miles,  or  52,531,200  acres.  The  general  surface 
is  an  undulating  plateau  with  a  gentle  slope  from  the  western 
border  to  the  Missouri.  The  extreme  elevation  reached  is  3,800 
feet,  while  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river  the  land  lies  750 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  average  altitude  is  about 
2,375  feet.  There  are  no  mountains  in  Kansas,  but  the  scenery- 
is  redeemed  from  monotony  by  the  rich  grass-covered  hills  and 
the  fertile  river  valleys,  while  the  Arkansas  and  Republican  rivers  are  bordered  by 
bold  bluffs  from  200  to  300  feet  in  height.  The  Missouri  furnishes  a  water  frontage  of 
150  miles  on  the  east,  and  near  the  Missouri  State  line  receives  the  Kansas,  which  is 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Republican  and  Smoky  Hill  rivers  near  Junction  City, 
and  intersects  the  State  throughout  its  entire  length.  The  Smoky  Hill  river  rises  near 
the  Rocky  mountains,  in  Colorado,  and  receives  in  Kansas  the  Saline  and  Solomon 
rivers,  each  over  200  miles  long.  The  Republican  river  rises  in  Southern  Colorado, 
flows  through  Northwestern  Kansas  into  Nebraska,  and  turning  southeast  joins  the 
Kansas.  The  Arkansas  river  has  its  sources  in  the  Rocky  mountains  in  Colorado,  and 
passes  through  Kansas  in  an  east  and  southeasterly  direction,  having  nearly  500  miles 
of  its  windings  within  this  State.  The  Osage  river  rises  in  the  east,  and  after  a  south- 
east course  of  130  miles,  enters  Missouri,  while  the  Neosho  has  its  source  in  the  central 
part  of  the  State,  and  after  a  southeast  course  of  200  miles,  during  which  it  receives 
the  Cottonwood  and  other  important  streams,  passes  into  the  Indian  Territory.  Few 
of  the  rivers  are  navigable,  but  nearly  all  furnish  abundant  water  power. 

Clhncite. — The  winters  of  Kansas  are  comparatively  mild,  the  summers  warm 
but  not  oppressive,  and  the  atmosphere  extraordinarily  pure  and  clear  at  all  seasons. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  53*^  Fahrenheit;  spring,  52°;  summer,  7C; 
autumn,  54°;  winter,  29°.  The  highest  temperature  recorded  is  100°  Fahrenheit,  and 
the  lowest  — 6°,  these  extremes  having  been  only  reached  on  a  very  few  occasions 
since  the  settlement  of  the  country.  The  rainfall  averages  from  thirty-one  to  forty- 
five  inches  per  annum,  the  greatest  precipitation  being  in  the  eastern  division.  Kansas 
is  a  very  healthy  State,  entirely  free  from  miasmatic  diseases,  and  highly  favorable  to 
consumptives  and  those  suffering  from  bronchial  or  pulmonary  complaints,  to  whom  the 
pure,  free  atmosphere  seldom  fails  to  afford  relief. 

HistOVy. — The  territory  which  now  composes  the  State  of  Kansas  formed  a  part 
of  the  Louisiana  purchase,  and  afterwards  of  the  Indian  Territory.  In  May,  1854,  it 
was  organized  as  a  Territory  with  the  name  of  Kansas.  It  had  been  provided  in  1820, 
by  what  was  known  as  the  "  Missouri  Compromise,"  that  slavery  should  not  be  allowed 
in  any  of  the  Territories  or  States  thereafter  to  be  formed  out  of  the  Louisiana  pur- 
chase north  of  latitude  30°  30',  but  by  the  law  creating  the  Territory  of  Kansas  this 
act  was  repealed,  and  the  question  of  slavery  was  left  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  new 
Territory  to  settle.  Missourians  poured  into  Kansas  armed  to  the  teeth,  and  carried 
the  elections  by  force  and  fraud.  A  large  immigration  took  place  fmm  the  Northwest- 
ern States,  but  while  the  northern  settlers  were  largely  in  the  majority,  the  pro-slavery 
people,  aided  by  the  Missourians,  held  the  authority  until  18G1.  In  July,  1859,  a  con- 
vention called  by  the  Territorial  legislature  met  at  "Wyandotte  and  adopted  a  consti- 
tution prohibiting  slavery,  which  was  ratified  by  the  people  on  October  4  of  the  same 
year,  by  a  vote  of  10,420  to  5,530.  On  Jan.  29, 1801,  after  th*^  Southern  members  had 
withdrawn  from  Congress,  Kansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union  under  the  Wyandotte 
constitution,  which,  with  certain  amendments,  is  still  in  foice.  The  border  counties 
suffered  severely  during  the  Civil  war  from  incursions  of  the  Confederates,  and  were 
exposed  to  a  partisan  warfare  until  1863.  In  August  of  that  year  Lawrence  was  cap- 
tured by  a  Confederate  guerilla  leader  named  Quantrell,  who  butchered  150  of  the  in- 
haVjitants  and  burned  half  the  city.  Kansas  furnished  20,149  men  to  the  Federal  armies 
during  the  war. 

Population.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  530,007;  Females,  459,429;  Native, 
880,010;  Foreign,  110,080;  White,  952,155;  Colored,  43,941,  including  19  Chinese, 
and  815  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

06 


STATE  OF  NEBRASKA. 


Topograjthy. — The  surface  of  Nebraska  constitutes  a  vast 
plain,  with  undulating  prairies  of  great  extent,  diversified  by 
a  few  low  hills  or  ridges,  and  without  mountains  of  any  size, 
except  in  the  extreme  west  and  northwest,  where  the  lower 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  mountains  and  the  broken  country  of 
the  Black  Hills  beg'in.  From  the  west  and  northwest  the 
land  slopes  gradually  to  the  Missouri  river,  which  washes  the 
eastern  and  northeastern  borders  of  the  State.  The  drainage 
is  toward  the  Missouri  by  the  Platte  river  and  its  tributaries, 
the  Niobrara,  and  the  Republican  and  Blue  rivers  which  extend  into  Kansas.  The 
valley  of  the  Platte,  which  stretches  across  the  centre  of  the  State  from  west  to 
east,  and  the  whole  southern  portion  of  Nebraska  are  extremely  fertile  and  well 
watered.  The  western  half  is  best  adapted  for  grazing  purposes,  being  a  constant 
succession  of  natural  pastures.  About  oO,000  square  mih'S  of  the  eastern  division 
consist  of  bottom  and  prairie  lands  of  exuberant  fertility.  Nebraska  has  a  width  from 
north  to  south  of  al)Out  210  miles;  its  greatest  length  in  the  central  part  is  about  420 
miles  ;  area,  76,855  square  miles,  or  49,187,200  acres. 

Clhildtc — Nebraska  might  with  propriety  be  termed  a  highland  State,  forming 
as  it  does  a  part  of  the  great  interior  slope,  which  extends  from  the  base  of  the  Rocky 
mountains  to  the  Missouri  river.  Over  the  wide  prairies  the  mountain  breezes  sweep 
at  will,  and  owing  to  the  splendid  drainage  facilities  the  dry,  exhilarating  atmosphere 
is  untainted  by  any  malaria.  The  annual  mean  temperature  at  Omaha  is  about  48" 
Fahrenheit;  winter  mean,  22°;  and  summer,  70°.  The  total  snow  and  rainfall  east  of 
the  100th  meridian  is  twenty-six  inches,  the  greatest  amount  of  rainfall  being  in  May 
and  June.  In  the  west  and  southwest  it  is  much  less,  and  in  some  places  not  more 
than  seventeen  to  nineteen  inches  annually. 

HistOVy. — Nebraska  Territory,  which  extended  from  the  Missouri  river  west 
to  the  crest  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  from  the  fortieth  parallel  north  to  the  British 
Possessions,  and  included  over  350,000  square  miles  of  territory,  was  formed 
May  30,  1854.  Settlements  were  made  but  slowly  during  the  next  ten  years, 
the  Indian  troubles  and  the  Civil  war  interfering  considerably  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  country.  Many  changes  were  also  made  in  the  bomularies.  In  1861, 
16,000  square  miles  were  set  off  to  the  Territory  of  Colorado,  and  nearly  a 
quarter  of  a  million  to  Dakota,  while  in  the  same  year  a  triangular  slice  of  Utah  and 
Washington  Territories  was  added.  This,  however,  and  about  30,000  square  miles  in 
addition,  was  afterwards  formed  into  the  Territory  of  Idaho,  and  on  >Iarch  3,  1863, 
Nebraska  was  reduced  to  its  present  limits.  The  admission  of  Nebraska  into  the 
Union  was  delayed  until  1867,  and  the  proceedings  attendant  upon  it  were  somewhat 
peculiar.  In  March,  1860,  the  people  rejected  a  proposition  to  form  a  State  govern- 
ment, by  a  vote  of  1,987  nays  to  1,877  ayes.  Four  years  later  Congress  passed  an  en- 
abling act,  but  the  settlers  were  too  busy  repelling  the  Indian  raids  on  the  frontier  to 
take  the  necessary  steps  to  avail  themselves  of  it.  But  early  in  1866  a  constitution 
was  prepared  by  the  Territorial  legislature,  and  on  June  21  it  was  ratified  by  the  peo- 
ple. On  July  28  Congress  passed  a  bill  for  the  admission  of  Nebraska  as  a  State, 
but  this  failed  to  receive  the  signature  of  President  Johnson.  In  January,  1867,  an- 
other bill  for  the  same  purpose  was  passed,  and  was  promptly  vetoed  by  the  President. 
The  veto,  however,  failed  to  stand  in  the  way  very  long,  and  on  February  8  and  9 
the  bill  was  passed  over  it.  It  was  required  that  the  legislature  should  ratify 
the  action  of  Congress,  and  this  provision  was  complied  with  before  the  end  of  the 
month.  Lincoln  was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  government,  and  still  remains  such.  A 
constitutional  convention  was  held  in  1871,  but  the  people  rejected  the  proposed  con- 
stitution. In  1875  another  convention  was  called,  and  the  work  of  this  body  was  rat- 
ified by  a  popular  vote  of  30,202  to  5,474.  There  enlisted  in  the  Federal  armies  dur- 
ing the  war  3,157  men. 

Po2}ul  at  ion.— Censvis  of  1880:  Males,  249,241:  Females,  203,161;  Native, 
354,998;  Foreign,  97,414;  White,  449,764;  Colored,  2,638,  including  IS  Chmese,  and 

235  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

97 


T 


I 


M  ^  P     OF 


NEHI?  AS  K^. 


^^ 


TERRITORY  OF  MONTANA. 


Topography » — The  length  of  the  Territory  from  east  to  west  varies  from  460 
to  540  miles;  its  average  breadth  is  275  miles;  and  its  area  is  146,080  square  miles,  or 
93,491,200  acres,  of  which  80,651,676  are  still  unsurveyed.  The  eastern  division  em- 
braces the  great  plains  or  rolling  table  lands,  which  cover  three-fifths  of  the  area  of  the 
Territory;  the  Rocky  mountains,  with  other  ranges,  occupying  the  west.  The  Rocky 
mountains  form  the  southwest  boundary,  from  the  west  line  of  Wyoming  to  the  inter- 
section of  the  parallel  45*^40'  north  latitude  with  the  114th  meridian  of  longitude; 
thence  run  east  for  some  distance,  and  from  the  112th  meridian  continue  in  a  north- 
western direction  to  the  British  Possessions.  The  Bitter  Root  mountains  branch  off  at 
the  eastern  exT'^nsion  of  the  Rockies,  and  form  the  western  boundary  of  the  Territory 
lor  a  considerable  distance.  Other  important  ranges  are  the  Snow  mountains  in  the 
south,  and  the  Belt,  Highwood,  Judith  and  Little  Rocky  mountains.  The  peaks  are 
from  6,000  to  12,000  feet  above  the  sea  level,  and  the  valleys  average  about  4,000  feet, 
the  mountain  belt  having  an  average  breadth  of  180  miles.  The  plains  slope  gradually 
toward  the  east,  having  an  elevation  of  about  4,000  feet  at  the  base  of  the  mountains, 
and  of  2,000  feet  at  the  Dakota  line.  The  Rocky  mountains  form  the  water-shed,  and 
give  rise  to  the  Jefferson,  Madison  and  Gallatin  rivers,  which  unite  near  Gallatin  City 
and  form  the  Missouri.  The  latter  runs  north,  northeast,  and  finally  east;  and  the  Yel- 
lowstone, which  has  its  source  in  the  National  Park,  in  Wyoming,  runs  north  and 
northeast  through  Montana,  and  joins  the  Missouri  near  its  eastern  boundary^  Other 
important  streams  are  the  Flathead,  Missoula,  Big  Blackfoot,  Bitter  Root  and  Milk 
rivers.  The  largest  body  of  water  is  Flathead  Lake,  which  is  about  thirty  miles  long 
by  ten  miles  wide,  and  there  are  several  smaller  lakes  in  the  northwest.  Timber  is 
abundant  on  the  mountain  slopes,  and  consists  of  pine,  cedar,  fir  and  hemlock,  estimated 
to  cover  in  all  over  25,000,000  acres.  Cottonwood,  willow  and  alder  are  found  along 
the  streams,  and  in  this  respect  Montana  is  much  better  off  than  many  of  her  immediate 
neighbors. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Montana  is  warmer  than  that  of  the  Eastern  States 
in  the  same  latitude,  and  is  very  dry,  the  rainfall  seldom  exceeding  twelve  inches  per 
annum.  In  the  east  the  mean  annual  temperature  varies  from  41°  to  49°  Fahrenheit, 
but  in  the  mountainous  region  it  is  lower.  The  snowfall  is  heavy  in  the  mountains, 
but  light  in  the  valleys,  and  the  climate  is  favorable  for  outdoor  and  agricultural  occu- 
pations, and  the  raising  of  stock. 

Sistory. — Montana  was  formerly  included  in  Idaho,  and  was  constituted  a  Ter- 
ritory May  26,  1864.  In  1873  it  received  an  accession  of  about  2,000  square  miles  from 
Dakota.  Virginia  City,  in  Madison  county,  was  originally  the  capital,  but  the  seat  of 
government  was  removed  to  Helena  in  1875.  The  growth  of  the  Territory  dates  from 
the  opening  of  the  gold  mines  in  1861.  Montana  has  been  the  scene  of  several  con- 
flicts with  the  Indians,  the  most  notable  being  the  sanguinary  battle  on  the  banks  of 
the  Little  Big  Horn,  on  June  25, 1876,  in  which  the  seventh  IJnited  States  cavalry  was 
nearly  annihilated.  On  that  occasion  the  United  States  forces,  numbering  about  330 
men,  were  surrounded  by  nearly  5,000  Sioux,  under  a  chief  named  Sitting  Bull,  who 
had  gathered  around  him  warriors  from  several  small  tribes.  Gen.  Custer,  a  noted 
Indian  fighter,  and  261  officers  and  men,  were  slain  in  the  engagement,  and  the  enemy 
succeeded  in  escaping  into  British  territory,  but  finding  it  difficult  to  get  food  there, 
they  gave  themselves  up  to  the  United  States  military  authorities,  during  the  early 
part  of  1881.  There  are  in  the  Territory  19,791  Indians.  The  amount  of  land  held  in 
reservations  for  them,  is  24,156,800  acres,  of  which  more  than  10,000,000  is  good  land. 
Of  this,  only  3,769  acres  are  tilled. 

Population.— Census,  of  1880:  Males,  28,177;  Females,  10,982;  Native, 
27,638;  Foreign,  11,521;  White,  35,385;  Colored,  3,774,  including  1,765  Chinese,  and 
1,663  Indians  who  have  no  tribal  relations. 


lOO 


MAP    OF    MONTANA. 


1^  )-  ,.<:>*'^"«°^°'*-\  ^ 


101 


TERRITORY  OF  WYOMING. 


TopOffVCipliy » — The  surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous,  the  main  chain  of 
the  Rocky  mountains  extending  across  the  Territory'  from  southeast  to  northwest  and 
forming  what  is  known  as  "  the  divide."  The  principal  ranges  are  the  Wind  River, 
Big  Horn,  Laramie,  Bishop  and  Medicine  Bow  mountains.  The  Black  Hills  lie  partly 
in  this  Territory  and  partly  in  Dakota.  The  Big  Horn,  Tongue  and  Powder  rivers  flow 
north  and  join  the  Yellowstone  in  Montana;  the  Green  river  drains  the  southwest,  and 
the  Little  Missouri  the  northeast;  while  the  North  Platte,  rising  in  Colorado,  receives 
the  Medicine  Bow,  Laramie  and  Sweetwater  rivers  in  Wyoming  and  enters  Nebraska 
from  the  southeast,  where  there  are  some  smaller  streams  of  little  importance.  The 
most  interesting  of  the  natural  features  of  Wyoming,  and  those  which  have  most  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  travelers,  are  found  in  the  extreme  northwest  corner  of  the 
Territory,  in  the  section  known  as  the  Yellowstone  National  Park.  This  wonderful 
park  has  a  length  of  sixty-five  miles  north  and  south  by  fifty-five  miles  in  width,  and 
an  area  of  3,575  square  miles.  No  part  of  it  is  less  than  6,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
the  snow-covered  mountains  that  hem  in  the  valleys  on  every  side  rise  to  a  height  of 
12,000  feet.  It  is  a  land  of  wonders,  with  its  grand  canons  and  geysers,  its  beautiful 
lakes  and  rivers,  with  cataracts,  cascades  and  rapids  of  unexampled  beauty,  and  moun- 
tains towering  far  above  the  deep  and  rugged  valleys  through  which  the  rapid  streams 
flow.  The  geysers  or  boiling  springs  are  situated  near  the  Firehole  river,  the  middle 
fork  of  the  Madison,  which  forms  one  of  the  three  principal  sources  of  the  Missouri. 
There  are  several  hundred  springs,  of  which  the  Beehive,  Giantess,  Old  Faithful,  the 
Turban,  the  Giant  and  the  Grand  Geyser  are  the  largest.  Wyoming  is  situated  between 
latitude  41*'  and  45^^  north  and  longitude  104*^  and  111''  west;  it  has  a  length  east  and 
west  of  about  350  miles,  and  a  breadth  of  about  275  miles,  and  forms  an  almost  perfect 
quadrangle,  with  an  area  of  97,890  square  miles,  or  02,649,600  acres,  of  which  9,070,186 
are  surveyed  into  sections  and  42,638  are  improved. 

(JlifUnte, — The  climate  is  severe  in  the  mountainous  regions,  but  mild  and  salu- 
brious in  the  sheltered  valleys;  the  air  is  pure  and  bracing,  and  the  rainfall  light, 
not  exceeding  fifteen  inches  per  annum,  and  in  some  parts  even  less.  The  mean  tem- 
perature at  Cheyenne  (6,058  feet  above  the  sea)  in  July,  the  warmest  month,  is  about 
71°;  in  January,  the  coldest,  12°;  and  the  mean  for  the  year  not  lower  than  43.6° 
Fahrenheit.  A  maximum  of  98°  is  recorded  in  one  year,  and  a  minimum  of  — 38° 
Fahrenheit.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  a  fertile  loam,  but  irrigation  is  needed  for  the 
successful  prosecution  of  agriculture. 

3£hies  ClUCl  JltTinercilS, — The  great  mineral  resources  of  Wyoming  have  as 
yet  scarcely  been  developed.  At  Evanston,  Carbon,  Rock  Springs,  and  several  other 
points  on  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  lignite  has  been  mined.  The  coal  is  of  good 
quality  and  is  shipped  to  many  of  the  Territories,  besides  furnishing  an  ample  supply 
for  locomotives.  Iron  ore  is  abundant,  and  consists  principally  of  pure  red  hematites 
of  great  value.  Copper,  lead,  plumbago  and  petroleum  also  occur.  Much  gold  has 
been  taken  from  the  mountain  gulches  of  the  Sweetw^ater  country,  and  auriferous 
quartz  veins  of  great  value  are  worked  in  the  neighborhood  of  Laramie  City.  Valua- 
ble deposits  of  soda  exist  in  the  valley  of  the  Sweetwater.  The  deposits  of  sulphate 
of  soda  are  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  in  thickness,  and  are  almost  chemically  pure. 

HlStOVy. — The  Territory  of  Wyoming  was  organized,  under  the  act  approved 
July  25,  1868,  from  the  southwest  portion  of  Dakota,  together  with  small  sections  of 
Utah  and  Colorado.  The  first  settlements  within  its  limits  were  made  in  1867,  during 
the  construction  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  the  Territorial  organization  was 
completed  on  May  10,  1S69.  Its  historical  record  is  naturally  a  short  one,  and  is  un- 
marked by  any  serious  conflicts  with  the  Indians. 

Population, — Census  of  1880  :  Males,  14,152;  Females,  6,637;  Native, 
14,939;  Foreign,  5,850;  White,  19,437;  Colored,  1,352,  including  914  Chinese,  and 
140  Indians  who  have  no  tribal  relations.  About  1,250  Shoshone  and  900  Bannock  In- 
dians occupy  a  reservation  of  1,520,000  acres  in  the  western  part  of  the  Territory. 

102 


MAP    OF    \VYOMING. 


103 


TERRITORY  OF  IDAHO. 


TopOffraphy. — Idaho  has  an  irrofrular  shape.  It  is  485  miles  in  length  north 
and  south,  on  the  western  boundary,  and  140  miles  on  the  Wyoming  border;  forty-five 
miles  wide  in  the  north,  and  nearly  300  miles  in  the  south;  and  contains,  as  now  con- 
stituted, 84,800  square  miles,  or  54,272,000  acres,  of  which  47,739,368  are  still  unsur- 
veyed.  The  surface  is  an  elevated  table  land,  from  2,000  to  5,000  feet  above  the  sea 
level,  with  many  deep  river  valleys,  and  crossed  by  numerous  mountain  ranges  or 
spurs  of  the  Rocky  and  Bitter  Root  mountain  chains.  Many  of  the  peaks  are  of  con- 
siderable height,  and  rise  above  the  snow  line.  The  most  important  are  the  Kootenay 
mountains,  in  tlie  extreme  north;  the  Ca^ur  d'Alene  range,  south  of  these;  the  Salmon 
and  Clearwater  mountains  along  the  rivers  of  the  same  names,  and  the  successive 
rano-es  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Snake  river.  In  the  southeast  are  the  Bear  River 
mountains,  and  in  the  south  the  Three  Buttes.  Of  the  total  area,  about  4,480,000 
acres  are  suitable  for  agriculture,  and  5,000,000  for  grazing.  One-third  of  the  entire 
area  is  sterile,  and  yields  nothing  but  sage  brush  and  a  little  buffalo  grass,  but  it  is 
believed  that  part  of  this  section  can  be  reclaimed  by  irrigation.  There  are  8,000,000 
acres  of  timber  and  as  much  of  mineral  land,  while  numerous  lakes  occupy  an  area  of 
200,000  acres.  The  lower  slopes  of  the  mountains  are  covered  with  extensive  pine 
and  cedar  forests,  and  there  is  much  timber  in  the  north.  Wheat,  oats,  barley  and 
TjQ  flourish  in  the  valleys,  and  wherever  irrigation  is  possible,  but  the  climate  is  not 
suited  to  corn.  The  Boise  valley,  which  is  fifty-five  miles  in  length  by  three  in  width, 
and  sheltered  by  the  Boise  mountains,  is  the  chief  agricultural  region.  The  Territoiy 
is  drained  by  the  Snake  river  and  its  tributaries;  the  Bruneau,  Boise,  Weiser,  Salmon, 
Clearwater,  Payette  and  other  smaller  streams.  The  Snake,  or  Shoshone  river,  rises 
in  the  Yellowstone  Park,  in  Western  Wyoming,  describes  an  immense  curve  through 
Southern  Idaho,  and  forms  the  western  boundary  of  the  Territory  for  about  200  miles, 
after  which  it  turns  west  into  Washington  Territory,  where  it  joins  the  Columbia.  It 
is  navigable  for  a  considerable  distance  within  and  upon  the  borders  of  Idaho  for 
light-draft  vessels.  The  American  and  Shoshone  Falls,  and  the  rapids  above  the  latter, 
are  considered  scarcely  inferior  to  the  falls  of  the  Yellowstone,  the  Shoshone  having 
a  perpendicular  descent  of  over  200  feet. 

Climnte. — The  winters  on  the  mountains  are  severe,  and  much  snow  falls.  On 
the  plains  the  winter  temperature  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  Wisconsin  or  Northern 
Iowa.  In  the  valleys  the  climate  is  milder,  with  much  less  snow,  and  the  springs 
and  summers  are  pleasant,  and  never  oppressively  hot.  There  is  considerable  rainfall 
on  the  Bitter  Root  and  Rocky  mountains,  but  in  the  north  and  west  and  in  the  lower 
valleys  the  precipitation  is  much  less,  and  irrigation  is  a  pre-requisite  to  successful 
agriculture. 

3£i ilinff, — The  first  discovery  of  gold  was  made  in  Oro  Fino  creek,  a  tributary 
of  the  Clearwater  river,  in  1860,  and  the  Boise  and  Owyhee  mines  have  been  worked 
since  1803.  The  total  production  of  the  precious  metals,  up  to  the  last  report,  is  esti- 
mated at  $90,000,000.  Most  of  the  gold  is  found  in  the  quartz  mines  of  Idaho,  Boise 
and  Alturas  counties,  and  there  are  placer  diggings  along  the  headwaters  of  the  Sal- 
mon and  Clearwater.  Silver  is  found  near  Ruby  City  and  Silver  City,  in  the  Owyhee 
district,  and  some  of  the  mines  are  very  rich.  Coal  has  been  discovered  within  twenty- 
five  miles  of  Boise  City. 

History. — Idaho,  one  of  the  Northwestern  Territories,  comprises  a  part  of  the 
Louisiana  purchase  of  1803.  It  was  organized  as  a  Territory  March  3,  1863,  out  of 
portions  of  Nebraska,  Dakota  and  Washington  Territories.  At  that  time  it  included 
all  Montana  and  nearly  all  of  Wyoming,  and  had  an  area  of  375,000  square  miles.  It 
received  its  present  limits  in  1868.     Boise  City  is  the  Territorial  capital. 

Pojyulation.—Genaus  of  1880:  Males,  21,818;  Females,  10,792;  Native, 
22,636;  Foreign,  0,974;  White,  29,013;  Colored,  3,597,  including  3,379  Chinese,  and 
165  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 


104 


MAP    OF    IDAHO. 


105 


^ 


COLORADO. 


^ 


STATE  OF  COLORADO. 


/Xr^-'^  ^q\  Topogt'dphy, — Colorado  has  an  average  length  east  and 
/  ^  M  .  ^  *_\  ■"'tist  of  380  miles;  a  breadth  of  280  miles;  and  an  area  of 
/^^  -QOaa^^^^\  103,925  square  miles,  or  66,512,000  acres,  divided  into 
/  j^--  IMIMlliPIII^^^  I  thirty-nine  counties.  There  are  still  unsurveyed  40,657,679 
1  Y^^^K-^^i^ig^^  1  acres.  It  consists  of  three  natural  divisions;  the  mountain 
^^M„v;.|^::;::K2/  I'ange,  the  foot-hills  and  the  plains.  The  Rocky  mountains 
^^^^^^^^fep'     run    north    and     south    through    the    centre    of     the    State, 

^^^^^^0^^       and   consist  of  three   parallel  ranges,  with  many  peaks  over 
^^^i^^S^^  13,000   feet  high.      Within   the   space  inclosed  by  these  im- 

mense mountains  are  the  "  Parks,"  which  constitute  the  most  remarkable  natural 
feature  of  Colorado.  These  consist  of  extensive  plateaus  at  an  elevation  of  9,000 
to  10,000  feet  above  the  sea  level,  hemmed  in  on  all  sides  by  the  mountains, 
and  containing  some  valuable  agricultural  land.  The  plains  occupy  the  eastern 
part  of  the  State,  and  comprise  about  one-third  of  its  area.  The  great  "  divide " 
traverses  Colorado  northwest  and  southeast,  separates  the  waters  of  the  South  Platte 
and  Arkansas,  and  forms  the  water-shed  of  many  of  their  tributaries.  Colorado  has 
numerous  streams,  the  principal  ones  being  the  North  and  South  Platte,  and  the 
Arkansas,  Snake,  White  and  Green  rivers,  most  of  which  flow  through  rocky  canons 
and  are  not  navigable.  The  South  Platte  has  a  fall  of  6,000  feet  between  Montgom- 
ery and  Denver,  and  one  of  the  canons  of  the  Arkansas  is  1,500  feet  in  depth.  The 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte  rises  in  the  Saguache  range  of  mountains,  and  flows  south 
through  the  San  Luis  park,  but  the  Colorado  river  can  scarcely  be  considered  as  be- 
longing to  the  State  from  which  it  derives  several  of  its  principal  tributaries,  and  to 
which  it  gave  a  name. 

ClifliClte. — The  air  is  drier  and  the  range  of  temperature  less  than  in  the  East- 
ern States  in  the  same  latitude.  The  winters  are  mild,  the  summers  cool  and  bracing, 
and  the  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  49°  Fahrenheit,  The  rainfall  ranges  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  inches  annually,  and  most  of  it  falls  between  May  and  July.  On  the 
mountains  the  winters  are  as  a  rule  severe,  with  heavy  falls  of  snow  in  November  and 
December,  but  on  the  jDlains  and  in  the  valleys  the  mildness  and  purity  of  the  atmos- 
phere are  such  as  to  render  Colorado  the  paradise  of  invalids,  thousands  of  whom  re- 
sort there.  Heavy  wind  storms  are  common,  but  cloudy  and  foggy  weather  is  un- 
known, and  snow  seldom  remains  more  than  twenty-four  hours  on  the  ground,  except 
upon  the  mountains,  many  of  which  reach  above  the  snow  line. 

mstovy, — Colorado,  the  youngest  of  the  thirty-eight  States,  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  Aug.  1,  1876,  xander  an  act  passed  March  3,  1875.  Its  organization  as  a 
Territory  was  effected  in  February,  1861,  when  parts  of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Utah  and 
New  Mexico  were  set  off  to  form  the  new  district.  Part  of  this  Territory  had  been 
acquired  by  conquest  from  Mexico,  and  the  remainder  formed  a  part  of  the  Louisiana 
purchase.  It  was  known  to  the  early  Spanish  settlers,  and  an  expedition  was  sent  out 
from  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  over  three  centuries  ago,  for  the  purpose  of  exploration.  The 
first  American  expedition  was  that  under  the  command  of  Major  Z.  M.  Pike,  in  1806, 
when  the  mountain  region  was  partially  explored,  and  the  mountain  named  Pike's 
Peak  discovered.  Col.  S.  H.  Long  visited  the  Territory  fourteen  years  later, 
and,  in  1842-44,  the  "  Pathfinder,"  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont,  made  his  celebrated 
journey  across  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1858-59, 
by  miners,  gold  having  been  discovered  in  what  is  now  Gilpin  county,  and  within 
a  few  miles  of  Denver.  From  1860  to  1862  the  stream  of  immigration  con- 
tinued, and  towns  and  cities  grew  up  around  the  mines.  In  1863-64  the  Indians 
caused  a  good  deal  of  trouble  to  the  settlers,  and  the  Civil  war  drew  off  many  of  the 
adventurous  spirits  to  be  found  among  pioneer  gold  miners — 4,903  men  enlisting  in 
the  Union  army — but  after  1865  immigration  again  increased,  and  the  growth  of  the 
Territory  was  rapid.  The  energetic  measures  adopted  by  the  better  class  of  citizens 
suppressed  lawlessness,  much  in  the  same  way  as  in  San  Francisco  in  its  early  days, 
and  at  the  present  time  Colorado  is  as  well  governed  and  as  peaceful  as  Illinois. 

Pojnilation.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  129,131;  Females,  65,196;  Native, 
154,537;  Foreign,  39,790;  White,  191,126;  Colored,  3,201,  including  612  Chinese, 
and  154  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

108 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


TopO(jraphy, — New  Mexico  lias  a  loiigth  on  the  (.'astern  boundary  of  345  miles, 
and  on  the  western  of  390,  with  an  average  breadth,  north  of  tlie  thirty-second  parallel, 
of  335  miles.  Its  area  is  1:3'2,580  square  miles,  or  78,451,200  acres,  of  which  G7,024,!j'jO 
are  unsurveyed.  The  region  now  known  as  Arizona,  obtained  from  Mexico  by  the 
Gadsden  treaty  of  1853,  was  annexed  to  New  Mexico  the  following  year,  and  formed  a 
part  of  the  Territory  until  18(33.  In  18G1  a  traet  of  14,000  square  miles,  lying  east  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  between  the  thirty-seventh  and  thirty-eighth  parallels,  was  ar)- 
nexed  to  Colorado.  It  is  to  these  curtailments  that  the  apparent  decrease  of  popula- 
tion between  18(i0  and  1870  is  due.  New  Mexico  as  now  constituted  consists  of  a 
number  of  high,  level  plateaus,  intersected  by  mountain  ranges,  often  rising  ijito  high 
peaks,  between  which  lie  fertile  valleys.  The  Rocky  mountains,  before  entering  the 
Territory,  divide  into  two  ranges,  the  one  on  the  east,  the  loftier  of  the  two,  ending 
near  Santa  Fe,  and  the  other,  known  as  the  Sierra  Madre,  of  lower  elevation,  and  with 
numerous  passes,  extending  to  the  southward  until  it  reaches  the  Sierra  Madre  of  M(.'x- 
ico.  Almost  two-thirds  of  the  Territory  is  east  of  this  range.  The  region  to  the  west, 
which  has  not  been  thoroughly  explored,  consists  of  high  table  lands  and  isolated  peaks. 
East  of  the  eastern  range  the  land  slopes  gradually  to  the  Mississippi.  The  Staked 
Plain,  an  elevated  region,  unwatered,  and  without  wood,  extends  into  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  Territory.  The  principal  river  is  the  Rio  Grande  Del  Norte,  which,  rising 
in  Colorado,  flows  south  through  New  Mexico,  and,  continuing  on  its  course  toward 
the  Gulf,  forms  the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico.  Its  principal  affluent  is  the 
Pecos,  which  rising  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Territory,  empties  into  the  Rio  Grande 
in  Texas.  In  the  northeast  rises  the  Canadian,  which  empties  into  the  Arkansas;  and 
in  the  southwest  the  Gila,  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California.  The  valley  of  the 
Rio  Grande  has  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet  above  the  sea  near  the  southern  boundarv, 
and  of  nearly  0,000  feet  at  the  point  where  it  crosses  the  Colorado  line.  On  each  side 
of  this  river,  which  is  not  navigable,  the  mountain  ranges  rise  to  an  altitude  of  from 
(3,000  to  13,000  feet  above  the  sea,  the  summits  of  the  loftier  peaks  being  above  the 
snow  line.  Timber  is  not  abundant.  The  mountaiiis  are  covered  with  pine,  spruce 
and  fir;  nut-pine  and  cedar  grow  on  the  foot-hills,  and  sycamore  and  cottonwood  in 
the  river  valleys. 

Clitnate, — Owing  to  the  differences  in  elevation,  the  climate  varies  greatly.  The 
mean  temperature  at  Santa  Fe,  with  an  elevation  of  6,803  feet  is:  Spring,  40.70*' 
Fahrenheit;  summer,  70.4°;  autumn,  50.0°;  winter,  31.0°;  year,  50.6°.  The  thermom- 
eter rarely  rises  above  88°,  or  sinks  below  — 5°.  Pulmonary  complaints  are  infrequent, 
but  owing  to  the  rarity  of  the  atmosphere,  pneumonia  and  similar  complaints  are  fre- 
quent.    The  rainfall  is  very  slight,  sometimes  not  exceeding  ten  inches  ])er  year. 

Histot'lJ. — Though  one  of  the  most  backward  and  unim|)ortant  among  the  Ter- 
ritories, yet  it  was  visited  and  settled  by  white  men  at  an  earlier  date  than  any  other 
part  of  the  United  States.  It  was  first  traversed  by  Alvar  Nunez,  a  Spaniard,  jirior  to 
1537,  and  was  explored  in  1539  and  1581  by  parties  sent  by  the  riceroy  of  Mexico, 
who  had  heard  rumors  of  its  vast  mineral  wealth.  Between  1595  and  1599  a  perma- 
nent settlement  was  made  and  soldiers  were  stationed  there  to  protect  the  missionaries 
who  had  for  some  years  been  toiling  among  the  Indians.  Santa  Fe,  an  Indian  town, 
was  selected  by  the  Spaniards  as  the  chief  place  of  their  new  possessions.  The  natives, 
who  had  made  some  progress  in  the  arts  of  civilization,  who  tilled  the  soil  and  lived  in 
communities,  were  enslaved  l)y  their  new  masters,  and  forced  to  work  in  the  mines. 
So  great  was  the  cruelty  with  which  they  were  treated  that  they  revolted  in  1080  and 
drove  out  the  whites,  burning  the  churches  and  destroying  every  vestige  of  the  oppress- 
ors. In  1094,  after  various  fruitless  attempts,  Santa  Fe  was  reoccupied  by  the  Span- 
iards, who  held  undisputed  rule  in  the  Territory  until  1837,  when  another  insurrection 
broke  out,  which  was,  however,  quelled  witlumt  much  trouble.  When  the  war  broke 
out  l)etvveen  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  Gen.  Kearnev,  in  command  of  the  army  of 
the  West,  marched  from  the  Missouri  river  to  New  ^lexico,  routed  the  opposing  forces, 
and  took  possession  of  Santa  Fe  Aug.  18,  1840.  By  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hiilaigo, 
signed  in  1848,  the  country  was  ceded  to  the  United  States,  and  was  given  a  Territorial 
organization  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  Sept.  9, 1850.     The  inhabitants  revolted  in  1849 

109 


and  killed  a  numljer  of  Americans,  including:  some  of  the  Territorial  officers,  but  were 
soon  reduced  to  obedience.  Early  in  18G2  Santa  Fe  and  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Territory  were  occupied  by  Confederate  troops,  who,  however,  soon  met  with  a  defeat 
which  compelled  them  to  fall  back  into  Texas. 

TERRITORY  OF   NEW   MEXICO. 


1°"A'^^1'RJ.' 


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\^CUurc£  Claim    I 


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o  OJu  CapiSa 


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i  N.-'E    W 

•    Soda  Spring 


La  Toya 

j     Thompson's  Spr  ^olvoBeraoff^j?,;,",  " 

'    °  OaTi  Spring    '^-'"■'"^  3;i»u7aro(°\>.v„„3.So 

4   7,  lo°   .  .^OA-r'lt-.    SouorroTMmfio  hfSocoiro 

ff<i?fo&)rz«^™.2f'  J.u.i^Xopez°l)      QCltapnU,,, 


M-^^ 


Sillily 3      N    qJJus  Canadinar 

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St^ESTACADo] 
Winter's  River 

°    ^Jicarrilla  Sprini/ 

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Lincoln 


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luncli^ 
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oPrubidio 

o  Water 


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si?        3  wat:r  :z:::J^^:^^i!;i£^y\^2iobl)iii^7ianc7l  \ 

,°J^    Oio  ae  San  JViclJias  \  >%  j 

t'.sldou  ^4^^r^°    J?e.a.  2?a«cVT3ec-kN<irti-s  KancB 

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oLeUeii3ur/s  "TlVTTi 

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j  Emory's  Sp^.i 


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o  Oyo  (? 


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aS' 


I*opillation,— Census  of  1880:  Males,  64,496;  Females,  55,069;  Native, 
111,514;  Foreign,  8,051;  White,  108,7;il;  Colored,  10,854,  including  57  Chinese  and 
9,772  Indians. 


110 


TERRITORY  OF  ARIZONA. 


Topograph  \j , — The  area  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona  is  113,020  square  miles,  or 
72, 33"^, 800  acres,  of  which  G7,098,3G6  are  unsurveyed.  The  middle  and  northeastern 
portions  of  the  Territory  consist  of  plateaus  which  have  an  elevation  of  from  3,000  to 
8,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  are  here  and  there  dotted  by  volcanic  cones  rising  2,500 
feet  above  the  plateaus.  The  southern  portion  is  a  plain  with  a  slight  elevation  above 
the  sea,  amounting  to  only  200  feet  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gila,  The  mountain  ranges, 
of  which  there  are  many,  have  generally  a  northwest  and  southeast  course,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Mogollon  range,  in  the  east,  which  runs  nearly  east  and  west,  joining 
the  Sierra  Blanca.  The  Sierra  Prieta  and  the  Aztec  range,  in  central  Arizona,  an* 
flanked  by  foot-hills,  which  sink  gradually  to  the  level  of  the  table  land  on  the  north- 
east, and  of  the  mesas  sloping  toward  the  Colorado  river  in  the  southwest.  The  highest 
mountain  is  the  San  Francisco,  a  volcanic  cone,  whose  summit  is  11,000  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  Colorado,  which  is  the  largest  and  the  only  navigable  river,  is  formed  by  the 
junction,  in  Southern  Utah,  of  the  Green  and  Grand  rivers,  and  flows  southerly  along 
the  western  boundary  of  Arizona,  emptying  into  the  Gulf  of  California  just  south  of 
the  southern  line  of  the  Territory.  This  river  has  during  the  course  of  centuries 
cut  for  itself  a  deep  channel  through  the  rocks,  so  that  for  long  distances  it  flows  between 
perpendicular  walls  7,000  feet  in  height.  It  is  navigable  for  a  distance  of  612  miles 
from  its  mouth;  above  that  point  it  becomes  shallow,  except  in  the  rainy  season,  has 
a  very  swift  current  and  is  filled  with  rapids.  Its  principal  tributaries  are  the  Gila, 
which  has  its  source  in  Xew  Mexico  and  flows  in  a  southwesterly  course,  until  it  joins 
the  Colorado  about  180  miles  above  the  Gulf  of  California;  the  Colorado  Chiquito, 
which  rises  in  the  northwest  ;  and  Bill  Williams  fork.  Here,  as  in  New  Mexico,  agri- 
culture can  be  carried  on  oidy  where  irrigation  is  practicable,  which  applies  to  about 
five  per  cent,  of  the  total  area.  There  are  desert  tracts  covered  with  shifting  sands, 
which  are  utterly  unfit  for  cultivation,  and  much  of  the  Territory  south  of  the  Gila  is 
an  arid  waste.  But  the  soil  in  the  river  bottoms  and  in  the  mountain  valleys  of 
middle  and  eastern  Arizona  is  of  ^reat  richness.  Pine  and  cedar  grow  on  the 
mountains  in  the  central  and  northern  part  of  the  Temtory,  and  walnut,  cherry  and 
Cottonwood  are  found  along  the  streams.  On  the  plains  south  of  the  Gila  only  the 
cactus,  artemisia  and  mesquite  can  live. 

ClhlKlte. — The  climate  is  mild  and  generally  healthful,  lung  and  malarious 
diseases  being  almost  unknown.  The  summer  temperature  of  the  treeless  plains  in  the 
south  is  intensely  hot,  the  thermometer  often  indicating  118'^  Fahrenheit,  and  rarely 
falling  in  winter  below  34°.  In  the  central  and  more  elevated  portion  of  the  Territory 
the  temperature  is  moderate,  seldom  exceeding  90"^  in  summer.  Snow  falls  on  the 
nKJuntains,  but  remains  only  a  short  time.  The  rainfall  along  the  Gila  averages  from 
four  to  five  inches,  while  at  the  base  of  the  range  it  rises  to  twenty-five  or  thirty. 
Showers  are  most  frequent  in  July  and  August. 

SlstOVi/. — Arizona  was  first  visited  by  Spanish  exploring  parties  as  early  as 
1526.  They  found  there  indications  of  mineral  wealth,  but  also  warlike  and  hostile 
Indians,  so  that  they  made  but  few  settlements,  and  the  country  was  but  little  better 
known  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Americans  than  it  was  300  years  before. 
That  portion  of  the  Territory  lying  north  of  the  Gila  river  was  acquired  by  the  treaty 
with  Mexico,  signed  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  Feb.  2,  184S,  and  that  south  of  it  was 
bought  from  Mexico  under  the  Gadsden  treaty  of  Dec.  30.  1853,  it  being  desired  to 
straighten  the  southern  frontier,  and  to  acquire  what  were  believed  to  be  mineral  lands 
of  much  value.  Arizona  was  made  a  Territory  by  the  act  of  Feb.  24,  1863,  prior  to 
which  time  it  had  formed  a  part  of  New  Mexico. 

Population.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  28,202;  Females,  12,238;  Native, 
24,3'.il;  Foreign,  16,049;  White,  35,160;  Colored,  5,280,  including  1,630  Chmese,  2 
Japanese  and  3,493  Indians. 


Ill 


MAP    OF    ARIZOTSTA. 


■  J         3  U  '^^^^^w,i4 


%m«^          \      WASHINGTON      V''«-'^<'";%  (  \ 

-^igct5<;rrj||..__._(L , i^._£..^^'Sl -Jg-n- 


innwaJiock    „/s^««^' '^^^'i'^o  V°7'«e  *-^'''''}':C(I(  Um/O  •^'"""':'»':;. 

^>-g%p.ioJ?uertaoC 


^t        ^];!M 


^j^  ^nscrijjlioi 

Paiffler  F-O.  Cullens~n'tllc  q 

^    ShtnTnz       o  flints 

^n   ^OlireCij.       Desert  Slation 


Gillette 


ICity 


mJTaiil: 


.Y 


U 


viUe'tid 


ParA-er'sTf.c, 


vBirer       -McJuiren 


ApadiK  Si>/ 


Tt.ApacTie 


X 


^icachoTTiVi^erTSa- 
aie32{ock  SlMion' 


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r 


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/\\  /       °S.CrTiz  ^ 

y^  I  '  IFronteias 


'  mroniezas 


112 


STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA, 


TopograpJiy. — California,  the  largest  State  in  the  Union 
with  the  exception  of  Texas,  has  an  extreme  length  of  770 
miles;  an  extreme  breadth  of  3^0  miles;  and  an  estimated  area 
of  158,3*30  square  miles,  or  101,350,400  acres.  The  Sierra  Ne- 
vadas  and  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains  run  northwest  and 
southeast,  generally  parallel,  and  are  connected  in  the  north 
and  south  by  transverse  ranges.  Between  the  two  ranges  lie 
the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys.  The  Yosemite  valley, 
situated  in  the  midst  of  the  Sierras,  forms  one  of  the  chief  at- 
tractions of  the  State.  The  Sierra  Nevadas  have  a  general  elevation  of  from  8,000  to 
15,000  feet.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  main  range  is  Mount  Whitney,  15,000  feet  high. 
In  the  north  Mount  Shasta,  a  bare  volcanic  peak  of  1-4,400  feet  in  height,  is  the  best 
known.  The  Coast  Range  is  inferior  in  grandeur  to  the  Sierras,  having  an  average 
elevation  of  2,500  to  4,000  feet.  The  Sacramento  river  rises  near  Mount  Shasta,  and 
flows  south  until  in  latitude  38°  it  unites  with  the  San  .Joaquin.  The  latter  has  its  origin 
in  Tulare  Lake,  and  its  course  is  northerly  until  it  joins  the  Sacramento.  After  receiv- 
ing the  San  Joacjuin  the  Sacramento  flows  west  to  the  sea.  The  Klamath  has  its  origin 
in  Oregon,  and  flows  through  the  northwest  part  of  California;  and  the  Colorado  forms, 
in  part,  the  southeast  boundary,  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  California.  The  principal 
lakes  are  Tulare  and  Mono.  Lake  Tahoe  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  California 
and  Nevada.  The  principal  bay  is  that  of  San  Francisco,  which  is  forty  miles  long 
and  nine  miles  wide,  and  forms  the  best  harbor  on  the  western  coast  of  North  America. 
Climate, —  The  variation  in  climate,  owing  to  the  difi"erence  in  elevation  and 
latitude,  is  great.  On  the  coast  the  winters  are  mild  and  the  summers  extremelv 
pleasant.  At  San  Francisco  the  summer  mean  is  GO"  Fahrenheit;  that  of  winter,  51°; 
and  of  the  year,  56°.  In  the  interior  the  summers  are  much  warmer,  and  in  the  Sac- 
ramento valley  the  mercury  often  reaches  100°.  In  the  tvventy-three  years,  1850  -  1872 
inclusive,  the  rainfall,  at  the  same  city,  varied  from  seven  to  fifty  inches  per  annum, 
and  extreme  variability  from  year  to  year  is  shown  in  other  parts  of  the  State.  In  the 
south  the  average  is  not  over  ten  inches,  and  at  Fort  Yuma  even  less.  The  heavy 
snows  which  rest  on  the  Sierras  partially  correct  the  irregularity  of  the  rainfall. 

IlistOVy. — The  first  discovery  of  the  territory  now  known  as  California  was 
made  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  by  the  Spaniards,  under  Cortez;  but 
no  settlements  were  made  by  white  men  until  about  a  century  ago.  In  17G8  the  Fran- 
ciscan monks,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  Jesuits  in  the  lower  peninsula,  withdrew  from 
that  country  to  Upper  California,  and  established  a  number  of  missions  near  San  Fran- 
cisco. In  1822  Mexico  became  independent  of  Spain,  and  from  that  time  until  1840, 
ill  which  year  the  missions  were  broken  up,  the  Franciscans  continually  lost  ground. 
A  trade  in  furs  and  hides  began  soon  after  1820.  But  actual  settlers  were  very  few; 
and  when  in  March,  1844,  Lieut,  (afterwards  Major-General)  John  C.  Fremont  suc- 
ceeded, after  incredible  hardships,  in  reaching  Sutter's  Fort,  on  the  Sacramento,  having 
crossed  the  mountains  without  a  guide,  he  found  only  a  few  trappers  and  hunters  in 
the  country.  Fremont's  reports  of  the  geography  and  resources  of  the  territory  largely 
increased  the  interest  in  it,  and  settlements  rapidly  foll(»wed.  California  was  taken 
possession  of  by  the  United  States  during  the  war  with  Mexico,  possession  afterward 
being  confirmed  by  the  treaty  of  1848.  Between  1844  and  1840  there  was  a  large 
influx  of  Americans,  and  the  discovery  of  gold  in  El  Dorado  county  in  Februarv,  1848, 
induced  such  an  immigration  as  had  never  before  been  seen  in  any  country.  In  less 
than  three  years  San  Francisco  and  the  neighboring  mining  camps  contained  a  popu- 
lation of  150,000.  No  Territorial  government  had  been  organized,  but  a  convention 
was  called  in  September,  1849,  to  frame  a  State  constitution.  This  was  ratified  by  the 
people  without  delay,  and  California  was  admitted  into  the  Union  Sept.  9,  1850.  The 
Indian  population  has  almost  disappeared,  and  the  Mexicans  are  few  in  number.  A 
convention  to  revise  the  constitution  met  on  Sept.  28,  1878,  and  agreed  upon  a  number 
o*  amendments,  which  were  ratified  by  the  popular  vote. 

Population. — Census  of  1880:  Males,  518,170;  Females,  340,518;  Native, 
571,820;  Foreign,  292,874;  White,  767,181;  Colored,  97,513,  including  75,133  Chi- 
nese, 86  Japanese,  and  10,277  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

113 


M  \F    OF    C^LIFORNI  4. 


A.N  D    NKV^DA 


n 


STATE  OF  NEVADA. 


TopoffVaphy. — Nevada  has  an  extreme  length  north  and 
south  of  485  miles;  its  greatest  breadth  through  the  centre  is 
about  3:20  miles;  area,  110,700  square  miles,  or  70,8-18,000  acres, 
with  58,43(3,498  still  unsurveyed.  The  surface  is  an  elevated 
table  land,  with  an  average  altitude  of  4,500  feet  above  the 
ocean,  and  broken  by  parallel  ranges  of  mountains,  running 
from  north  to  south,  which  attain  a  height  of  from  1,000  to  8,000 
feet.  The  Sierra  Nevadas,  which  reach  an  elevation  varying 
from  7,000  to  13,000  feet,  form  a  part  of  the  western  boundary. 
It  would  be  difficult  to  say  what  part  of  the  State  is  the  water-shed,  for  the  rivers, 
which  are  not  navigable,  run  in  all  directions,  and  with  few  exceptions  fail  to  reach 
the  sea.  Some  empty  into  lakes  or  sloughs,  and  others  sink  into  the  earth.  The  Col- 
orado river  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern  and  southeastern  border,  and  the  longest  stream 
is  the  Humboldt,  which  rises  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  and  has  a  course  of 
300  miles  within  it,  terminating  in  Humboldt  Lake.  Lake  Tahoe,  among  the  moun- 
tains on  the  California  border,  is  twenty-one  miles  long  and  ten  miles  wide,  and  has  a 
depth  of  1,500  feet.  It  is  more  than  6,000  feet  above  the  ocean,  but  keeps  a  tempe- 
rature of  about  57°  Fahrenheit,  the  year  round.  Pyramid  and  Walker  Lakes  are  also 
extensive  bodies  of  water,  and  of  great  depth.  The  other  lakes  are  little  else  than 
marshes  formed  by  the  overflow  of  the  streams,  and  in  many  cases  their  waters  are  al- 
kaline or  brackish.  Among  the  most  noticeable  natural  features  are  the  "  mud  lakes  " 
and  warm  springs.  Some  of  the  former  cover  100  square  miles  and  are  composed  of 
thick  alkaline  deposits  in  the  dry  season,  or  of  a  foot  or  two  of  very  muddy  water 
during  the  rains.  Most  of  the  springs  contain  sulphur  or  other  mineral  ingredients, 
and  possess  medicinal  qualities. 

CliTnate, — The  winters  are  mild,  with  little  snow  except  upon  the  mountains, 
but  in  the  north  the  thermometer  sometimes  falls  as  low  as  fifteen  degrees  below 
zero.  In  the  south  and  east  the  weather  is  much  moi'e  moderate  and  frosts  are  rare, 
but  the  summer  temperature  ranges  up  to  95°  and  even  105°,  May  and  June  being 
the  hottest  months.  The  rainfall  is  light,  and  occurs  principally  in  the  spring,  or  from 
January  to  the  end  of  April.  The  air  is  invigorating  and  bracing,  and  the  climate  is 
considered  very  healthy. 

Mines  cmd  liLinevals. — Nevada  contains  enormous  mineral  wealth,  and 
produces  immense  quantities  of  the  precious  metals.  First  in  importance  is  silver, 
which  exists  in  nearly  every  section.  Gold  is  found  in  many  of  the  silver  mines,  but 
in  such  small  quantities  that  its  value  is  only  half  that  of  the  other  metal.  Very  rich 
lead  and  copper  ores  have  been  found,  and  among  other  valuable  minerals  are  cinna- 
bar, platinum,  zinc,  tin,  plumbago,  manganese,  nickel  and  cobalt,  mostly  associated 
with  the  precious  metals.  Coal  and  iron  exist,  and  all  kinds  of  valuable  clays,  includ- 
ing kaolin  and  fire  clay,  have  been  discovered.  The  building  stones  include  limestone, 
marbles  of  all  varieties,  granite,  slate  and  sandstone.  Very  extensive  deposits  of 
bcrax  are  found  in  Churchill  and  Esmeralda  counties,  and  sulphate  of  soda  has  also 
been  dug.  The  salt  springs  are  valuable  and  abundant,  and  salt  is  also  obtained  in 
the  form  of  crystals  and  rock  salt. 

HistOVy. — Nevada  was  organized  as  a  Territory  March  2,  1861,  out  of  a  large 
portion  of  Utah,  which  was  set  off  for  that  purpose.  In  1862  an  extension  of  territory 
was  granted  at  the  expense  of  Utah,  and  on  Oct.  31,  1864,  the  State  was  admitted  into 
the  Union,  a  State  constitution  having  previously  been  framed  by  a  convention  and 
ratified  by  the  people.  The  limits  were  further  extended  in  May,  1866,  Arizona  and 
Utah  surrendering  a  part  of  their  territory,  and  the  boundaries  remain  as  thus  consti- 
tuted. Settlements  by  white  men  were  first  made  in  1848,  when  some  small  colonies 
of  Mormons  found  homes  in  Washoe  and  Carson  valleys.  In  the  following  year  gold 
was  discovered,  but  even  this  did  not  attract  many  settlers,  and  it  was  not  until  1859, 
when  the  existence  of  enormous  argentiferous  deposits  became  known,  that  miners 
began  to  flock  in. 

JPoptilation.— Census  of  1880  :  Males,  42,019;  Females,  20,247;  Native, 
36,613;  Foreign,  25,653;  White,  53,556;  Colored,  8,710,  including  5,416  Chinese,  3 
Japanese,  and  2,803  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

118 


TERRITORY  OF  UTAH. 


TopOfjraphy. — The  average  length  of  Utah  north  and  soutli  is  about  350 
miles;  average  breadth,  about  2G0  miles;  area,  84,970  square  miles,  or  54,380,800  acres. 
The  country  is  rugged  and  broken,  and  is  separated  into  two  unequal  sections  by  the 
Wahsatch  mountains,  which  cross  it  from  northeast  to  southwest.  Extending  east 
from  the  Wahsatch,  along  the  southern  border  of  Wyoming,  are  the  Uintah  mountains. 
Other  prominent  ranges  are  the  Roan,  Little,  Sierra  Lasal,  Sierra  Abajo,  San  Juan  and 
Sierra  Panoches.  In  the  southeast  are  extensive  elevated  plateaus,  and  in  the  west  a 
series  of  disconnected  ridges  and  mountain  ranges,  generally  extending  from  north  to 
south.  East  of  the  Wahsatch  the  drainage  is  mostly  by  the  streams  which  form  the 
Colorado.  Of  these,  the  chief  are  Grand  and  Green  rivers.  White,  Uintah  and  San 
Rafael  are  tributary  to  Green  river.  The  Rio  Virgin,  in  the  southwest,  joins  the  Colo- 
rado in  Nevada.  Among  the  lakes,  the  largest  is  the  Great  Salt  Lake  in  the  northwest, 
which  is  seventy-five  miles  long  and  about  thirty  broad.  Utah  Lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet 
of  fresh  water,  having  an  area  of  about  130  scjuare  miles,  and  closely  hemmed  in  by 
mountains.  It  is  connected  with  the  Great  Salt  Lake  by  the  Jordan  river.  Bear  Lake 
is  on  the  Idaho  border,  and  partly  in  that  Territory.  The  Sevier  river,  rising  in  the 
southern  part  of  Utah,  flows  north  for  150  miles,  receiving  the  San  Pete  and  other 
smaller  streams,  then  bends  southwest  and  forms  Sevier  Lake,  about  100  miles  south- 
west of  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Climate, — The  climate  for  the  most  part  is  mild  and  healthful.  The  mean  an- 
nual temperature  east  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains  is  from  38°  to  44°,  and  west  of  that 
range  from  45°  to  52*^  Fahrenheit,  while  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Virgin  and  in  the 
soixthwest  generally  tne  summers  are  dry  and  hot.  The  rainfall  averages  fifteen  to 
sixteen  inclies  per  annum,  and  sometimes  reaches  twenty  inches  in  the  north.  Most 
of  the  rain  falls  between  October  and  April;  spring  opens  in  the  latter  month,  and 
cold  weather  seldom  sets  in  before  the  end  of  November.  In  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts the  winters  are  severe,  and  the  snowfall  is  heavy. 

HistOt'lf. — The  country  now  included  in  the  Territory  of  Utah  was  acquired 
from  Mexico  by  treaty  in  1848.  The  manner  of  its  settlement  ditl'ered  widely  from 
that  of  other  divisions  of  the  Union.  The  Mormons,  who  had  settled  at  Nauv(jo  and 
Carthage,  111.,  after  being  driven  from  Missouri,  became  convinced  in  1845  that  with 
their  jieculiar  form  of  belief,  and  the  hostility  which  it  engendered  against  them,  they 
could  find  safety  and  room  for  growth  only  in  a  new  country,  and  they  therefore 
decided  to  emigrate  so  far  west  that,  as  was  then  believed,  the  United  States  would 
not  be  able  reach  to  them,  at  least  for  many  years.  In  1846  large  numbers  gathered  at 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  and  in  the  following  spring  pioneers  crossed  the  plains  to  Salt 
Lake  valley.  The  grand  exodus  did  not,  however,  take  place  until  May,  1848,  and  the 
main  body  did  not  reach  Salt  Lake  until  the  autumn.  Before  the  Mormons  had  been  a 
year  in  Utah,  they  held  a  convention  (March,  184U,)  and  organized  a  State  to  be  known 
as  "  Deseret."  The  constitution  thus  prepared  was  rejected  by  Congress,  and  Sept. 
9,  1850,  the  Territory  of  Utah,  then  including  over  220,000  square  miles,  and  embrac- 
ing portions  of  the  present  States  of  Colorado  and  Nevada,  and  the  Territory  of  Wy- 
oming, was  formed,  with  Brigham  Young  as  its  governor.  From  this  time  until  1858 
the  Mormons  were  in  continued  difficulties  with  the  United  States  government.  In 
1854  Brigham  Young  was  removed,  and  Col.  Steptoe,  U.  S.  A.,  was  appointed  gover- 
nor. He  arrived  in  Salt  Lake  City  in  August  of  that  year;  but,  although  supported 
by  a  battalion  of  Federal  troops,  did  not  deem  it  advisable  to  assume  the  duties  of  his 
position,  and,  in  the  spring  of  1855,  formally  resigned,  and  removed  his  troops  to  Cali- 
fornia. Young  still  retained  the  office  of  governor.  In  February,  1856,  the  judge  of 
the  United  States  district  court  was  compelled  to  adjourn  court  by  an  excited  mob  of 
armed  Mormons,  and  shortly  afterwards  all  the  Federal  officials,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Indian  agent,  were  driven  from  the  Territory.  In  1857  President  Buchanan  ap- 
pointed Alfred  Cummings,  as  governor,  and  Judge  Eckels,  of  Indiana,  as  chief  justice. 
In  order  to  protect  these  officials  from  violence,  a  force  of  2,500  United  States  troops 
was  ordered  to  Salt  Lake.  The  army  reached  Utah  in  September,  but  severe  weather 
came  on  before  it  entered  Salt  Lake  valley,  and  Col.  Albert  Sidnc-y  Johnston,  who  had 
assumed  command,  decided  to  winter  on   Black's  Fork,  near  Fort  Bridger.     In  the 

117 


spring  of  1858  they  prepared  to  move  on  Salt  Lake  City,  but,  meantime,  an  vmder- 
standing  had  been  arrived  at  between  the  government  and  the  heads  of  the  church, 
and  the  threatened  conflict  was  avoided.  Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  secure  the 
admission  of  Utah  as  a  State,  but  uniformly  without  success.     In  August,  18T7,  Brig- 


TERRITORY   OF   UTAH. 


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ham  Young  died,  and  the  presidency  of  the  church  of  the  latter-day  saints  devolved 
upon  John  Taylor,  who  had  for  many  years  been  one  of  the  twelve  apostles — the  ad- 
visory council  of  the  president. 

JPopnlation.— Cexmus  of  18S0:  Males,  74,509;  Females,  69,454;  Native, 
99,969;  Foreign,  43,994;  White,  142,423;  Colored,  1,540,  including  501  Chinese  and 
807  Indians. 

118 


STATE  OF  OREGON. 


T<)p(>(fV<tph{f. — The  Cascade  in(miitaiii.s,  which  cross  the 
State  from  north  to  south,  dividing  Oregon  into  two  uuerjual 
parts,  known  as  Eastern  and  Western  Oregon,  range  from  4,000 
to  10,000  feet  in  height,  reaching  the  region  of  perpetual  snow. 
The  principal  peaks  are  Mt.  Hood,  11,225  feet  high;  Mt.  Jeffer- 
son, 10,200  feet;  the  Three  Sisters  and  Diamond  Peak,  each 
9,420  feet;  and  Mt.  McLaughlin,  11,000  feet.  The  Coast  range 
runs  parallel  with  the  ocean,  at  a  distance  from  it  of  about 
twenty-five  miles,  the  general  altitude  varying  from  1,000  to 
4,000  feet.  Each  of  the  great  ranges  throws  out  spurs,  and  the  eastern  division  is 
broken  by  the  Blue  mountains,  which  run  northeast  and  southwest,  and  have  an  aver- 
age altitude  of  5,000  to  7,000  feet.  The  valleys  are  deep  and  irregular,  and  in  manv 
places  the  rivers  cut  their  way  through  romantic  canons  of  great  depth.  The  princi- 
pal accessible  harbors  are  the  mouths  of  the  Columbia  and  Rogue  rivers,  and  Tillamook 
Bay  and  Port  Orford.  The  State  has  an  average  length  east  and  west  of  about  iJOO 
miles;  a  breadth  of  2(30  miles;  and  an  area  of  9G,0;jO  square  miles,  or  01,450,200  acres. 
The  State  has  many  streams,  especially  in  the  western  half,  but  few  of  them  are  navi- 
gable. The  Columbia  rises  in  the  Rucky  mountains,  in  latitude  50°  20',  and  is  navi- 
gable for  ships  115  miles  from  the  sea, and  for  steamers  105  miles.  It  is  a  rapid  stream 
and  recieves  nearly  all  the  rivers  of  Oregon.  The  Columbia  is  1,300  miles  in  length, 
and  forms  the  State  boundary  for  about  300  miles.  Its  numerous  cascades,  canons, 
narrows  and  rapids  enhance  the  beauty  of  the  scenery  along  this  stream.  The  Rf)gue 
river,  in  Southern  Oregon,  and  the  Umpqua,  which  flows  through  the  valley  of  the  same 
name,  both  take  their  rise  in  the  Cascade  mountains  and  empty  into  the  Pacific.  Most 
of  the  lakes,  of  which  there  are  a  large  number,  are  situated  in  Grant  and  Jackson 
counties. 

CI ilHflte. —  The  climates  of  the  two  divisions  differ  widely,  that  of  the  western 
half  being  moist  and  equable,  while  the  east  never  has  an  excess  of  rain,  and  though 
somewhat  subject  to  extremes  of  temperature,  the  climate  is  usually  pleasant.  The 
summers  of  the  eastern  half  are  dry,  there  being  little  rain  and  less  dew,  but  the  crops 
do  not  suffer  from  drouth.  The  mean  temperature  at  The  Dalles  is,  in  spring,  53'';  in 
summer,  70.5°;  in  autumn,  52°;  and  in  winter,  35.5"  Fahrenheit;  and  the  rainfall  does 
not  exceed  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  annually.  It  is  very  different  in  Western  Ore- 
gon, the  annual  rainfall  at  Astoria  being  sixty  inches.  Snow  and  ice  are  here  unknown, 
but  on  the  mountains  and  elevated  table  lands  frosts  are  frequent,  and  the  higher 
peaks  wear  their  snowy  crowns  the  year  through.  The  mean  annual  temperature  at 
Astoria  is  52^;  that  of  spring,  51";  summer,  (Jl. 5°;  autumn,  54";  winter,  42.5°,  Fah- 
renheit. 

IlistOVy. — Though  various  navigators  had  previously  sailed  along  the  coast,  the 
credit  of  the  discovery  of  Oregon  is  generally  given  to  Capt.  Robert  Gray,  of  Boston, 
who,  in  1792,  brought  his  ship,  the  Columbia,  to  anchor  in  the  mouth  of  a  large  river, 
to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  his  vessel.  The  Pacific  fur  company  established  a  trad- 
ing post  at  Astoria  in  1811,  and  the  Northwest  and  Hudson  Bay  companies  kept  many 
trappers  and  traders  in  Oregon  up  to  the  time  of  its  admission  into  the  Union  as  a 
State,  in  1859.  By  the  treaty  of  1818,  the  provisions  of  which  were  continued  in  1827, 
the  whole  of  the  Pacific  coast  territory  from  latitude  42°  to  54°  40'  north  was  jointly 
occupied  by  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  and  to  this  vast  region  the  name  of 
Oregon  was  applied.  The  Canadians  employed  by  the  Hudson  Bay  company  formed 
the  main  body  of  the  white  population  for  a  long  time,  but  between  1833  and  1850 
there  was  a  considerable  immigration  from  the  United  States.  The  difficulties  threat- 
ened by  the  conflicting  claims  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  to  the  possession 
of  this  territory  were  averted  by  a  compromise,  by  which  the  forty-ninth  parallel  became 
the  dividing  line.  Great  Britain  retaining  Vancouver's  Island.  Oregon  was  organized 
as  a  Territory  Aug.  14,  1848.  Four  years  later,  what  was  known  as  the  "  District  of 
Vancouver"  was  setoff  to  form  Washington  Territory,  the  dividing  line  being  the 
forty-sixth  parallel  and  the  Columbia  river.  The  eastern  jmrt  of  the  territory  now 
known  as  Idaho  was  added  to  Washington  Territory  in  1859.  A  State  constitution 
was  adoptetl  in  1857,  and  in  1859  Oregon   with  its  present  limits   was  admitted  into 

119 


the  Union.  The  first  trouble  with  the  natives  was  in  1844,  when  they  murdered 
several  persons  in  Oregon  City;  and  in  1847  seventeen  persons  were  massacred  by  the 
Cayuse  Indians.  Prompt  justice  was  dealt  out  to  the  murderers,  and  quiet  reigned 
until  1854,  when  the  Rogue  River  war  broke  out.     In  1873  occurred  the  Modoc  war, 

STATE    OF    OREGON. 


after  which  the  settlements  remained  undisturbed  until  1876,  when  there  was  some 
more  desultory  warfare  on  the  frontier. 

I^Ojndation.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  103,381;  Females,  71,387;  Native, 
144,265;  Foreign,  30,503;  White,  163,075;  Colored,  11,693,  includiiig  9,510  Chinese, 
2  Japanese  and  1,694  Indians  and  Half-breeds. 

120 


TERRITORY  OF  WASHINGTON. 


TopOffVaphy.— The  greatest  length  of  the  Territory,  east  and  west,  is  340 
miles;  greatest  breadth,  240  miles;  area,  69,180  square  miles,  or  44,275,5iOO  acres, 
of  which  28,836,985  acres  are  still  unsurveyed.  The  Cascade  mountains  traverse  it 
north  and  south  from  British  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  divide  it  into  two  unequal 
portions,  the  eastern  section  containing  about  50,000  and  the  western  nearly  20,000 
square  miles.  The  highest  peak  is  Mount  Kanier,  14,500  feet,  and  there  are  several 
others  little  inferior.  Between  Puget  Sound  and  the  Pacific  the  Coast  Range 
attains  considerable  prominence  and  culminates  in  Mount  Olympus,  8,100  feet  high. 
There  are  also  the  Blue  mountains  in  the  southeast,  which  extend  into  the  Territory 
from  Oregon.  Eastern  Washington  is  an  irregular,  broken  country,  and  the  chief 
divisions  of  the  western  section  are  the  Columbia  and  Puget  Sound  basins  and 
the  valley  of  the  Chehalis.  The  Columbia  river  enters  the  Territory  from  the  north, 
traverses  its  whole  breadth,  constitutes  almost  the  entire  southern  boundary,  and 
with  its  tributaries  drains  nearly  its  whole  area.  The  Snake,  Walla  Walla,  Spokane, 
Colville  and  Clarke's  Fork  are  its  principal  affluents.  It  is  navigable  throughout 
the  Territory,  and  the  Snake  is  navigable  from  the  Idaho  border  to  its  junction  with 
the  Columbia,  It  has  a  coast  line  on  the  Pacific  of  about  180  miles,  and  the  deep 
indentation  of  Puget  Sound,  with  Admiralty'Inlet  and  Hood's  Canal,  furnishes  many 
excellent  harbors.  The  scenery  of  the  Columbia  river  is  in  many  places  picturesque 
and  even  grand,  flowing  as  it  does  through  rocky  mountain  gorges  and  containing  a 
number  of  cataracts  and  rapids.  Of  these  the  chief  are  the  Cascades,  where  the  river 
breaks  through  the  Cascade  mountain  range;  the  Dalles,  forty  miles  above;  Priest 
rapids,  179  miles  above  the  Dalles;  Buckland  rapids,  sixty-six  miles  further;  and  Kettle 
Falls,  274  miles  above;  the  last  having  a  perpendicular  fall  of  fifteen  feet.  At  Van- 
couver the  river  is  a  mile  wide;  and  so  great  is  the  force  of  the  current  that  it  over- 
comes the  effect  of  the  tide,  and  the  water  on  the  bar  is  rendered  drinkable. 

Climate, — On  the  western  slope  there  are  but  two  seasons,  the  dry  and  the 
rainy,  the  latter  commencing  late  in  October  and  lasting  until  April.  The  rainfall  is 
from  seventy  to  125  inches.  The  winters  are  mild,  with  but  little  snow  or  ice,  and  the 
summers  cool  and  pleasant,  the  thermometer  in  July  and  August  seldom  reaching 
90°  Fahrenheit,  while  the  nights  are  cool,  and  there  is  usually  a  breeze  from  the  sea. 
At  Steilacoom,  Puget  Sound,  the  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is  about  50**  Fahren- 
heit; summer,  63^;  winter,  39*^.  The  rainfall  averages  about  fifty  inches  per  annum. 
The  section  east  of  the  mountains  possesses  a  drier  climate,  and  the  seasons  of  spring 
and  autumn  are  more  definitely  marked.  Washington  Territory  is  extremely  healthy, 
and,  from  the  absence  of  marshes  and  the  elevation  of  most  of  the  land, is  entirely  free 
from  iniasma. 

History. — The  earlier  history  of  this  Territory,  which  up  to  March,  1853,  formed 
a  part  of  Oregon,  is  given  under  another  head.  [See  Oregox.]  Washington  Terri- 
tory, as  originally  created,  comprised  the  region  lying  between  the  Pacific  and  the 
summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  between  the  Columbia  river  and  the  British  Pos- 
sessions. The  Territory  now  known  as  Idaho,  and  some  parts  of  Wyoming  and  Mon- 
tana, were  added  when  Oregon's  State  boundaries  were  defined  in  1859,  which  gave 
Washington  an  area  of  nearly  200,000  square  miles.  This  has  since  been  reduced  by 
nearly  two-thirds.  The  first  settlement  of  white  Americans  was  made  on  the  Des- 
chutes river,  at  the  head  of  Puget  Sound,  in  1845,  but  prior  to  that  time  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company  had  established  a  number  of  trading  posts.  The  first  Territorial  gov- 
ernor arrived  in  November,  1853,  and  the  first  legislature  met  at  Olympia  in  Febru- 
ary, 1854.  During  1855  and  the  ensuing  year  the  settlers  were  involved  in  war  with 
the  northern  Indians,  an  J  the  trouble  was  renewed  in  1858.  Gold  was  discovered  in 
1855,  and  in  1857-58  occurred  the  Frazer  river  excitement,  when  miners  poured  into 
the  country  around  Puget  Sound.  The  treaty  of  1840  established  the  49th  jiarallel  as 
the  international  boundary,  but  gave  Vancouver's  Island  to  Great  Britain.  Unfortun- 
ately for  all  concerned,  a  misunderstanding  occurred  as  to  the  ownership  of  the  islands 
in  Washington  Sound.  For  a  quarter  of  a  century  this  remained  unsettled.  In  1859 
the  island  of  San  Juan  was  jointly  occupied  by  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain; 

121 


but  in  1872  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  to  whom  the  matter  had  been  referred  under  the 
provisions  of  the  Washinfjton  treaty,  decided  in  favor  of  the  American  claim,  which 
made  the  Canal  de  Haro  the  boundary  and  gave  San  Juan  and  other  islands  in  Wash- 
ington Sound  to  the  United  States.     Meantime,  the  general  government  had,  by  pur- 

WASHINGTOX  TERRITORY. 


OCEAN 


chase,  extinguished  the  possessory  rights  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  and  Puget  Sound  agri- 
cultural companies,  acquired  under  the  treaty  of  184G. 

I^ojnilatiofi.— Census  of  1880:  Males,  45,973;  Females,  29,143;  Native, 
59,313;  Foreign,  15,803;  White,  67,199;  Colored,  7,017,  including  3,186  Chinese,  1 
Japanese  and  4,405  Indians. 


122 


BPJTisH  a:merica. 


TopOffrapJrjf. — British  North  America  comprises,  with  the  exception  of  Alaska, 
the  -whole  of  North  America  north  of  latitude  49°,  together  with  some  irrecular  por- 
tions which  extend  as  far  south  as  43*'  30'.  It  embraces  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and 
Newfoundland,  with  its  dependencies.  With  the  exception  of  the  Rocky  mountains 
on  the  west  and  the  Laurentians  on  the  east,  it  has  but  few  elevations.  All  alon<r  the 
coast  there  are  numerous  indentations,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  on  the  east,  Hudson's  Bay — one  of  the  largest  inland  seas  in  the  world — on 
the  north,  and  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  which  separates  Vancouver's  Island  from  British 
Columbia.  The  country  is  well  diversified  with  rivers  and  lakes.  Among  the  former 
the  most  important  are  the  St.  Lawrence,  Saskatchewan,  Fraser  and  Mackenzie.  The 
principal  lakes  are  the  Great  Slave,  Great  Bear,  Manitoba  and  Lake  of  the  Woods. 
The  southeastern  portion  of  the  country  is  still  densely  timbered,  and  lumber,  with 
other  forest  products,  is  among  the  leading  articles  of  export.  The  area  of  the  country 
is  about  3,510,592  square  miles. 

Climate. — The  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  much  greater  than  in  correspond- 
ing latitudes  in  Europe.  In  Ontario  the  climate  is  severe  in  winter,  but  healthful. 
The  average  mean  temperature  at  Toronto  is  44.1"' ;  that  of  summer,  05.1*^.  The  mean 
temperature  at  Quebec  is  4:^.(3'';  of  summer  66°.  At  Montreal,  farther  south,  the  mean 
of  the  year  is  44.3°,  and  of  summer,  69.5''.  At  Fredricton,  N.  B.,  the  temperature  in 
winter  falls  to  24®  below,  and  rises  in  summer  to  95"  above  zero.  In  Nova  Scotia  the 
range  of  temperature  is  from  — 20°  to  98'-\  The  average  mean  temperature  for  the 
year  at  Charlottetown,  P.  E.  I.,  is  43.93*^;  that  of  summer,  65.78^.  In  Manitoba  the 
average  temperature  for  summer  is  65.7°,  that  of  winter,  3.3°  below  zero.  The  climate 
of  British  America  is  much  milder  than  that  of  the  Atlantic  coast  in  the  same  latitude, 
though  on  the  uplands  back  from  the  coast  the  thermometer  often  falls  to  40°  below 
zero.  At  St.  Johns,  Newfoundland,  the  temperature  for  the  year  is  4L20°;  that  of 
summer,  57.52°;  winter,  25.07°. 

Histori/. — The  country  was  first  discovered  by  Cabot,  in  1497,  and  partly  ex- 
plored by  Cartier  between  1535  and  1543.  The  first  settlement  made  by  Europeans 
was  in  1605  at  Port  Royal,  now  Annapolis,  Nova  Scotia,  by  de  Monts,  a"  Frenchman. 
A  permanent  settlement,  upon  the  present  site  of  Quebec,  was  made  by  Champlain  in 
1608.  In  1713  the  settlements  in  Acadia  (Nova  Scotia),  together  with  Newfoundland, 
were  declared  B4itish  possessions.  The  first  legislature  of  Nova  Scotia  met  in  1758. 
Quebec  was  captured  by  Wolfe  in  1759,  and  three  years  later  the  French  renounced 
all  control  over  this  portion  of  the  country.  In  1784  New  Brunswick  with  its  present 
limits  was  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  and  erected  into  a  separate  province.  The  first 
legislature  of  the  province  met  in  1785.  From  1774  to  1791  Quebec  was  governed  by 
a  council.  In  the  Utter  year  it  was  divided  into  two  provinces,  known  as  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada.  The  first  legislature  of  Lower  Canada  met  in  1791,  that  of  Upper 
Canada  in  1792.  In  1841  the  colonies  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  were  reunited. 
The  rapid  increase  in  population  of  the  first  of  these  brought  with  it  no  correspondinc: 
increase  of  members  in  the  representative  branch  of  the  government,  and  out  of  this 
grew  intense  dissatisfaction  and  a  desire  for  a  change.  The  Canadian  parliament  tt>ok 
up  the  consideration  of  the  subject  in  1864.  The  result  was  a  plan  for  a  federal  unioTi 
to  embrace  all  British  America,  and  delegates  were  appointed  by  the  governments  ol 
Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  agree  upon  the  details.  The  result  of 
their  labors  was  ratified  by  all  of  these  colonies  with  the  exception  of  Nova  Scotia,  and 
in  1867  the  British  parliament  passed  an  act  creating  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  Since 
then.  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  British  Columl)ia  and  Manitoba  have  been 
admitted,  and  the  North  West  Territories  have  been  annexed.  Newfoundland  is  the 
only  portion  of  British  North  America  not  included  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

!Popl(Iation. — Census  of  1881  :  Prince  Edward  Island,  108,891;  Nova  Scotia, 
440,572;  New  Brunswick,  321,233;  Quebec,  L359,027;  Ontario,  1,923,228;  Manitoba, 
65,954;  British  Columliia,  49,459;  North  West  Territories,  56,446.  The  last  census  of 
Newfoundland,  taken  at  the  end  of  1874,  placed  the  population  at  161,374;  ni  1881  it 
■was  given  as  181,753, 


MAP    OF    QUKBEC. 


124 


MAP    OF    C)]SrTARlC). 


125 


NOVA    SCOTIA,    NEW    BRUNSWICK,    ETC. 


126 


MAP    OF    MANITOBA. 


127 


states,  Territories  and  Provinces, 

WITH  CAPITALS  AND   THEIR   POPULATION. 


Capital.  Population. 

UNITED  STATES Washington 147,293 

Alabama Montgomery 16,713 

Arizona Prescott 1,836 

Arkansas Little  Rock 13,138 

California Sacramento 21,420 

Colorado Denver 35,629 

Connecticut Hartford 42,015 

Dakota Bismarck 1,758 

Delaware Dover 2,811 

Florida Tallahassee 2,494 

Georgia Atlanta 37,409 

Idaho Boise  City 1,899 

Illinois Springfield 19,743 

Indiana Indianapolis 75,056 

Indian  Territory Tahlequah 

Iowa Des  Moines 22,408 

Kansas Topeka 15,453 

Kentucky Frankfort 6,958 

Louisiana Baton  Rouge 7,197 

Maine Augusta 8,665 

Maryland Annapolis 6,642 

Massachusetts Boston • 362,839 

Michigan Lansing 8,319 

Minnesota St.  Paul    41,473 

Mississippi Jackson 5,204 

Missouri Jefferson  City 5,271 

Montana Helena 3,624 

Nebraska Lincoln 13,003 

Nevada Carson  City 4,229 

New  Hampshire Concord 13,843 

New  Jersey Trenton 29,910 

New  Mexico i Santa  Fc 6,635 

New  York Albany 90,758 

North  Carolina Raleigh 9,265 

Ohio Columbus. 51,647 

Oregon Salem 2,538 

Peimsylvania Harrisburg 30,762 

Riode  Island ]  feT^cc!  i  •..:  i :::::.:::  i ::;  y.;;  r.  iiJ^iS 

South  CaroMna Columbia 10,036 

Tennessee Nashville 43,350 

Texas Austin 11,013 

Utah Salt  Lake  City 20,768 

"Vermont Montpelier 1,847 

Virginia Richmond '63,600 

Washington Olympia ...  1,232 

West  Virginia Wheeling 30,737 

Wisconsin Madison 10,324 

Wyoming Cheyenne 3,456 

DOMINION  OF  CANADA Ottawa 27,412 

British  Columbia Victoria 5,925 

Manitoba Winnipeg ~. 7,985 

New  Brunswick Fredericton "  6,218 

North-West  Territories Battleford '  4,830 

Nova  Scotia Halifax 36,100 

Ontario Toronto 86,415 

Prince  Edward  Island Charlottetown 11,485 

Quebec Quebec 62,446 

128 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


^'  0  O  /^  A?  , 
f^ETD  1 5  ji;l.70 

REI'D  21JUL70 


2:  FEB  1975 

RET'D    MiR^fc    15 


Form  L9-Series  4939 


UCLA  AAAP  LIBRARY 


REFERENCE 
ONLY 


D    000  676  391     6  ' 

Rand,  McNally  &  Co.'s 
I^TDEXED*JlTLASiOFiiPiE.tIJORLD 

Mistoricdl,  Statistirnh  Descriptive.     Illustrated 
u'ith  Colored  IHufframs. 

The  work  is  a  Royal  C^uailo,  supcrl)ly  biimid  in  Morocco,  i;ill  cdLri's,  Half  Morocco  or  Aintr 
icau  Uussia.  It  contains  !i;{  laruc  scale  Maps,  with  every  known  City,  Town,  Villair<'  or  Monntain, 
Hiver,  Lake  or  Island  in  the  world.  Ini)Kxi:i>  :  also,  2~>\  colored  I)iai,Manis,  showing'  increase  or 
decrease  of  Population,  Wealth.  Debt  and  Taxation,  Chief  Product  ictus.  Articles  oi  Manufacture 
and  ("omnierce.  Heligious  Divisions  of  the  World,  Etlinolojiical  Chart  of  Europe-,  the  Area  and 
I'roduet  of  the  Great  Stales  of  the  Earth,  Density  of  Population,  Toiuiatic,  etc.,  etc.;  to  which  is 
added  a  descriptive  and  historical  account  of  every  civil  division  in  the  World,  and  in  the  United 
States  each  Slate  or  Territory,  treated  separately,  fornnng  a  niai,nuticent  volume  of  9;}(J  pages. 

RAND,  McNALLY  l  CD.,  PubliBherB,  ChiCBgn.  111. 

THIRTEENTH   EDITION    OF 

iusiMESS  ,Htlas  nm  Shippers'  (Euide- 

Piice,  $12.50  in  Cloth;  $15.00  in  Half  Morocco. 

Containing  largo  scale  maps  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  Old  Mexico,  Central  America.  Cuha, 
and  the  .several  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States,  together  with  a  complete  Keference 
Map  of  tlie  World,  printed  in  colors,  accompanied  by  a  new  and  original  comjiilation  and  ready- 
reference  Index,  and  accurately  locating  all  cities,  towns,  post  ofiices,  railroad  stations,  vjjjhgcs. 
counties,  parislies,  islands,  lakes,  rivers,  mountains,  etc.,  showing  in  detail  the  entire  RaiTi>Micl 
System. 

THE  NEW  AND  SPECIAL  FEATURES  of  this  edition  are,  locating  tlie  branches  or 
particular  divisions  of  railroads  ujton  which  each  station  is  located,  the  nearest  mailing  point  of  all 
local  places,  designating  money-order  otlices,  telegraph  stations,  and  naming  the  Exjtress  Comjiany 
doing  business  at  the  points  where  the  several  companies  have  offices,  and  the  full  census  returns 
to  date.     500  pages. 


New  Indexed  Atlas  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  Northwest  and  Pacific  Coast. 

Jloiiiiii   ill    (loth,    I'lirv,   $S.OO. 

Containingr  the  special  features  of  the  complete  Business  Atlas  and  larere  scale 
maps  of  the  following:  States  and  Territories  : 


AUI/.ONA 


TKNNFSSKK. 


AKKANSAS.  INIMASTEKKITOKV.  '  Can.., In  NKjtK.VSKA.  l^^^-}^ 
I  MIFoKMV  low  \  MU'llKiAN.  NbXADA.  ITAM. 
lolloUVDo  KANSAS.  SllXSKSoTA.  SKW  MKXICO.  jyi\2f)|^ijP-'''- 
UAKOTA.  KKNTICKY.  SllS.SIHRIl'11.  ^'H-'..v^.  S- v,^i.^?-'■'"• 
It>AHO.  LUllSIANA.  SlI.SSol  UI.  UKMION.  W^UMl.NU. 
ILLINOIS. 

Tlie  new  and  special  features,  with  new  maps  specially  designed  and  engraved  for  this  work, 
make  the  thirteenth  edition  of  the  business  Atlas  and  Shippers'  Guide  the  most  complete  and  best 
we  have  ever  issued.     It  will  be  found  of  Special  Value  to  all  classes  of  Shippers. 

RAND,  McNALLY  &.  CO.,  Publishers, 

tllKAlJO,  ILLINOIS. 


r 


D  □  LL  AR 
ATIAS 


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